The Harms of Underage Alcohol Consumption Essay examples

The Harms of Underage Alcohol Consumption Alcohol use is extremely prevalent in our society. Young people grow up seeing their parents and other adults make toast of wine and champagne at special occasions, as well as casually enjoying a few beers at a picnic. Today alcoholic beverages are frequently as common at business lunches as they are at college frat parties. Underage drinking is a huge problem which everyone must face. Under age drinking not only has devastating effects on those who drink but also on our society. ?Young people illegally consume almost 3.6 billion drinks annually which is 10 million drinks each day.? (http://www.cspinet.org/booze/alcyouth.htm.) Underage drinking has serious social, health and economic†¦show more content†¦This quick escape can be found in the shape of a bottle. In the eyes of an underage drinker, alcohol is the cure to all problems, a way to forget all of stress and pressures that are facing them. They feel that it will numb their pain and continuing to use alcohol will result in maybe another problem, substance abuse. The effects of underage drinking on society are practically immeasurable. Alcohol use can effect a teenager?s health, put strains on relationships between family and friends, and can also place other members of society in danger. Alcohol is involved in nearly one-half of all murders, accidental deaths, suicides, crimes, and fatal automobile accidents.(http://www.cpmcnet.columbia.edu). Alcohol causes problems in both one?s school and work career. It has a tendency to lower productivity and the quality of work being done. Economic costs are also an issue when it comes to underage drinking. Approximately 13 billion dollars each year is spent for the treatment and recovery of alcoholics.(http://intoww.org) This puts an enormous strain on our economy. It seems unfair that taxpayers should have to pay out of their own pockets for the problem that teenagers cause. These problems could be prevented if only teenagers would be more responsible and think about what they are actually doing, not only to themselves but also to our society. Most teenagers don?t realize that underage drinking is a crime. It is a first-degreeShow MoreRelatedUnderage Drinking in Australia Essay602 Words   |  3 PagesUnderage drinking is becoming a serious social issue in modern Australia; with 90% of Australian teenagers over 14 that have tried alcohol at least once. Estimates also suggest that half of Australia’s teenagers drink alcohol on a weekly basis. Underage drinking can cause drink driving and unsafe sex if it is misused. Australia seems to be fond of this drug, and find it to be socially acceptable although it is causing the amount of teenage deaths to rise rapidly due to misuse. Heavy use of AlcoholRead MoreThe National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 Is Not Working738 Words   |  3 Pagesor purchase alcohol, has only served to heighten the problem that is currently being faced. The only realistic way to make real progress while reversing the negative effect the NMDA act has had and is having is to abolish the NMDA act and introduce a new act that establishes different phases to introduce alcohol to minors. In essence, the purpose of the NMDA act was to decrease the number of drunk driving fatalities. The number of drunk driving fatalities has decreased and underage drunk driversRead MoreUnderage drinking1086 Words   |  5 Pages Underage Drinking It is five o clock on a Friday night and classes are over for the weekend. The options for this evening are the kegger down the street, drinking at the bonfire, or sneaking into a bar with a fake ID. This can be a normal weekend for an underage drinker. Underage alcohol consumption can be very common in the weekly routine for many students. There are many different types of drinkers and reasons for their drinking habits. Some people may drink for social reasons and othersRead MoreYouth Works Response to Alcohol Consumption among Young People1362 Words   |  6 PagesCurrent responses For the purposes of this research chapter I shall be exploring youth works response to the issue of alcohol consumption among young people today. According to the Youth Work Act 2001; â€Å"Youth work† means a planned programme of education designed for the purpose of aiding and enhancing the personal and social development of young persons through their voluntary participation, and which is— (a) Complementary to their formal, academic or vocational education and training; and (b) ProvidedRead MoreShould the legal age for the consumption of alcohol be increased to 21?863 Words   |  4 PagesIncreasing the legal age for the consumption of alcohol to twenty-one is a topic that has recently sparked much debate, with many people endorsing the idea of increasing the age of alcohol consumption. This is because it is thought that implementing such a law may curb youth binge drinking and alcohol related road accidents (Drug Free Australia: 2008). However there are many reasons as to why the legal age for alcohol consumption should not be increased. These include the fact that young people willRead MoreUnderage Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse1597 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society, there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking abou t the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol consumption amongst young adults, from high school to college, andRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Act1179 Words   |  5 Pagesprohibiting anyone under the age of twenty-one from publicly possessing and purchasing alcohol. After the Act was passed in 1984, the states that failed to abide by Ronald Reagan’s National Minimum Drinking Age Act were withheld from federal highway construction funds. By creating this punishment, states were almost forced to comply with the new legal addition. Every state adopted the new law by the year of 1988 (Underage Drinking). The act itself did take away the majority of drinking privileges, butRead MoreSadly, In Today’S Society There Is A Lot Of Issues Concerning1294 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking about the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol consumption amongst young adults, and talk about ways that we can preventRead MoreProblem And Solution Of Underaged Drinking1553 Words   |  7 Pagestoday is underaged drinking. This is simply defined as the consumption of any commercial alcoholic beverage while under the legal age restriction of twenty one. A solution is in dire need, as the problem causes exponential harm to many teen’s health. Underaged drinking has been the underlying cause of numerous fatalities over the past several decades. These fatalities occur from the following: inexperienced driving under the influence, alcohol poisoning, self hurt, and physical altercations betweenR ead MoreThe Use Of Alcohol By Minors Starts At Home With Parents And Caregivers1550 Words   |  7 Pagesanother or that they are dying due to alcohol and bad decisions. It is heartbreaking and tragic, and it is avoidable. Preventing the use and abuse of alcohol by minors starts at home with parents and caregivers. In order to reduce underage drinking, parents need to start early and spend time educating their children about the dangers of this drug. Knowing the facts about alcohol is a key step in being able to educate the youth today about the dangers of alcohol use and abuse. What many people do not

Women Of The Industrial Revolution - 1417 Words

The industrial revolution in England was a time of technology, rapidly increasing populations, urbanization, and social change. This economical and societal change triggered an increase of women choosing to work as prostitutes. In this essay, prostitution refers only to street based sex solicitation, done by women. Prostitution was a way for women of the nineteenth century to defy the patriarchal society, in which women needed to rely on men, and those who chose not to were demonized and seen as a threat to a moral society. Even though women who chose to work as prostitutes often knew that they would face repercussions and judgement from other members of their communities, many women chose to enter the sex trade anyways, either as an easy way of making money, or as a last resort to help themselves and their families. Either way, prostitution was a way for these women to capitalise on their sexuality, and take advantage of men’s sexual desires. Unfortunately, as this threatened the power of the patriarchy, the act of prostitution and those who partook in it, were often punished and seen as immoral by society. At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, England entered into the industrial revolution. England’s rapidly expanding population along with new technological advances triggered a need for more goods, and thus large factories began to appear in urban areas. By 1750, one fifth of England’s population was living in urban towns . ManyShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution Impacted Women923 Words   |  4 PagesIn my thesis, I contend that the Industrial Revolution impacted women because women in the working and poor classes were a key labor force in mills and factories, they supported their role as the backbone of the household economy by completing housework in the middle class, and finally the Industrial Revolution made an impact on the contributions of ideas made by women. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution affected women in the working and poor classes by allowing them to work in factories and millsRead MoreWomen During The Industrial Revolution2301 Words   |  10 Pagesseen as superior to women. Men were not just seen as the head of the household, but they were seen as the leaders and organizers of all political, social, and economic affairs for both men and women. However, as time progressed, so did women. Gradually, women were more involved in the work force due to many factors including wars and primarily due to the industrial revolution. Women took the role of nurses and hospitality workers during wars, and as the industrial revolution initiated, they beganRead MoreEssay about Women In The Industrial Revolution1202 Words   |  5 PagesWomens Work in the Industrial Revolution The industrial revolution swept through Europe and North America during the 19th century, affecting the class structure, economy, government, and even the religious practices of everyone who lived in or did commerce with these new industrialized nations. It made the modern age possible, but it was not without its growing pains. The position of women before the industrial revolution was often equivalent to chattel, and then as now, they were expectedRead MoreEssay on Women in the Second Industrial Revolution1055 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in the Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution had a major impact on womens lives. After being controlled fro so long women were experiencing what it was like to live an independent life. 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Since the men were the breadwinners, their true manhood was tested by how well a man could provide for his family and the women were the â€Å"homemakers† so their trueRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The Effects On Women s Rights1569 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution and the Effects on Women s Rights The Industrial Revolution was one of the most important and productive periods of history. The Industrial Revolution has to do with the time between the late 18th century and mid-19th century where there were profound advances in production, manufacturing, and other fields of engineering. It began in Great Britain in the late 1700s which then spread to the United States and then to many other parts of the world. Societies were very ruralRead MoreWomen Workers During The British Industrial Revolution Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesWomen Workers in the British Industrial Revolution During Britain’s Industrial Revolution, a multitude of different jobs were opened to the working class of men, women, and children. While this era offered a wide variety of new opportunities for everyone, women were somewhat excluded in areas such as occupation availability and wage due to the cultural norms of the time period. The Industrial Revolution was an age of mechanization—businesses were moving away from completing tasks by hand, and insteadRead MoreWomen And Their Roles During The Second Industrial Revolution3502 Words   |  15 PagesWomen and Their Roles in the Second Industrial Revolution When discussing history, it is often assumed that the history of men is also the history of women. Historians often forget that women constantly experience historical processes differently because of the roles that they play and their biological differences. The second Industrial Revolution affected women uniquely, and their involvement and contributions were distinctive as well. The second Industrial Revolution lead to many advantages andRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Family Life and Women2656 Words   |  11 PagesThe Industrial Revolution and its Impact on Family Life and Women World Civilization II Edmund Burke once said, Make revolution a parent of settlement, and not a nursery of future revolutions. This comical yet straightforward quote can be related to a time in history called the Industrial Revolution. Throughout history there has been a political, economical, social and cultural revolution. These revolutions has had complex and long lasting impacts on people’s lives, one revolution that hasRead MoreImpact Of The Industrial Revolution On Women s Roles1756 Words   |  8 Pagespower machinery referred to as the Industrial Revolution which affected chiefly Great Britain, the bulk of which spanned until roughly 1850 . Many of the consequences of this industrialization were shifts in the conditions of working and living. This investigation will explore the degree of social change that occurred to the roles and expectations of women during this time period as a result of these shifts. In order to determine the extent to which the Industrial Revolution’s influenc es correlated

Essay On The Awakening By Kate Chopin Example For Students

Essay On The Awakening By Kate Chopin The book, The Awakening by Kate Chopin, is not so much a love story as it is a story of one woman. Mrs. Pontellier was a woman with emotional needs. Her needs include material, sexual, intimacy, and the need to be wanted or needed. Among Lonce Pontellier, Alce Arobin, and Robert Lebrun, she pursues and meets her needs. Although Lonce Pontellier didnt seem to play a part in her life, he did. He provided her materialistic needs. Just as she dreaded, he was her husband in the worlds eyes. It is plain to see that Edna finds marriage a revolting institution from this quote: Her marriage to Lonce Pontellier was purely an accident, in this respect resembling many other marriages which masquerade as the decrees of Fate. The acme of bliss, which would have been a marriage to a tragedian, was not for her in this world. As the devoted wife of a man she felt she would take her place thus closing the portals forever behind her upon the realm of romance and dreams.p18 So that leaves the problem of romance and dreams. Who filled this world that she seems to have missed?Alce Arobin was a suave, seductive man. He thrived on lust, yet at a socially acceptable scale. Therefore, when he commenced in sharing time with Mrs. Pontellier at the races and such, it didnt appear sinister. He sometimes talked in a way that astonished her at first and brought the crimson in to her face; in a way that pleased her at last, appealing to the animalism that stirred impatiently within her.p78 By defining animalism as the innate desire to be sexually pleasing, or sexual, we can see that Arobin pleased the sexual yearning of Edna Pontellier. It is clear that Mrs. Pontellier doesnt really feel affection for Arobin because after their time together, her thoughts commented that there was a dull pang of regret because it was not the kiss of love which had inflamed her, because it was not love which had held this cup of life to her lips.p84 It was the kiss of lust that kept them together. The Awakening is a book of Mrs. Edna Pontelliers changes. Originally, Mrs. Pontellier had only her husband to fill her needs. By the closing stages of the story she had broken vows and social tradition to bring about more emotional stability within her. Psychology

Who Manipulates the Music Industry Essay Example

Who Manipulates the Music Industry? Essay This raises a question, who is controlling the music market? The truth of the matter is that, for the past decades, major record labels have blatantly managed the music industry in a manner that has suited their own advantage. By employing discreet, illegal tactics corporate labels have been able to manipulate mainstream radio stations, artists, and even enthusiastic music devotees. After all, record labels are businesses aiming to foster their own growth; therefore, at the end of the day, it always comes down to stock options and the minimization of profit, not the music Itself. It Is for this reason that corporate crime In the music industry might be more prevalent than the general public could possibly imagine. The Recording Industry Association of America, which represents the largest five music companies In the united States. Has come under significant scrutiny for using criminal tactics that aim to reduce the benefits of artists; this has caused multiple contemporary musicians to turn their back on major record labels by working Independently. Corporate crime within the music industry is quite old, dating back to the time when record labels commenced to emerge within the music business Itself. During the nineteen hundreds, licensed commercial public radio stations commenced to develop. By the nineteen twenties, music was being broadcasted through various radio stations nationwide, opening new opportunities for musicians to promote their work and gain recognition (1). It didnt take long before record labels came to the realization that it was possible to take advantage of the radio in order to raise their sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Manipulates the Music Industry? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Who Manipulates the Music Industry? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Who Manipulates the Music Industry? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If the songs of the artists they represented reached a large-scale audience, the growth of the artists career would become secure, thus ensuring stable profit for the labels. During the mid-nineteen fifties, record labels commenced bribing disk Jockeys by paying cash and handing out gifts In exchange for airplay. This form of illegal commercial bribery came to be known as the payola scandal, which generated a large amount of agitation within the music industry. During the crackdown of the practice, numerous disk Jockeys such as Dick Clark, Alan Freed, and Ernie Ginsburg were prosecuted for accepting bribes from various record companies. At the time, however, many of the record companies offering payolas were simply independent labels that were aiming to flourish within the Industry, not corporate conglomerates A tong It NAS Eden mace Tally clear Tanat payola Is Illegal unaware ten law AT ten United States, the practice continues to be used in different forms throughout the present. By finding means to evade the law, new methods of payola have evolved with the sole aim of obfuscating the fact that illegal bribes are being given to radio stations. For example, rather than paying disk Jockeys directly, which is prohibited by the anti-payola regulations, many major record labels have commenced paying music promoters large sums of money. The promoters, who serve as a third-party, then pay the radio stations to play a particular artist. This is known as the third-party loophole (3). Another example of an alternative form of payola involves the actions of global record label, Sony BMW Music Entertainment. Sony BMW was discovered to have organized faux promotional competitions in which all the prizes were given to the disk Jockeys; this was simply a sneaky tactic used by Sony BMW in order to bribe the disk Jockeys in a mildly concealed manner. This form of bribery is obviously not as flagrant as the methods that have been used in the past. In the year of two thousand and five, the New York Times reported that Eliot Spirits, former State Attorney General of New York, prosecuted various mainstream record labels for using loopholes in the law in order to violate the anti-payola regulations. Sony BMW was forced to pay ten million dollars in fines, Warner Music was forced to pay five million dollars, and Universal Music was forced to pay twelve million dollars. According to the report, most of the money was used to fund music appreciation programs (4). Up to the present, this has been one of the major examples of white-collar crime within the music industry, which directly shows the manner in which record labels aim to manipulate radio stations in order to increase their profits. In theory, a music labels Job is to furnish the artists with the necessary tools to prosper; however, this is not always the case. In fact, perhaps one of the most controversial and disturbing forms of corporate crime in the music industry involves record labels attempting to blatantly exploit the artists they are meant to assist in the first place. Under the copyright code of the United States, artists are guaranteed that, after thirty-five years of working with a record label, they will have the exclusive ability to receive copyrights over their own work. This means artists can legally sell, produce, or distribute any work they ever created while working with a particular record label. In nineteen ninety-nine, however, the law unexpectedly changed. Congressional attorney, Mitch Glazier, robbed artists from their ability to reclaim copyrights over their own work by secretly modifying the copyright code. Glazier added the term sound recordings to the work-for-hire list that musicians are expected to follow, giving record labels total control over the artists work. Three months later, the Recording Industry Association of America hired Glazier as the Senior Vice President of Government Relations (5). Expectedly, this infuriated the artist community and generated tension between record labels and musicians. As an attempt to defend musicians rights, the Recording Artists Coalition was formed. The law was eventually repealed with success after years of lobbying. Disputes between musicians and record labels are not necessarily confined within the borders of the United States. In fact, the Canadian Recording Industry Association wince also represents major lades sun as Sony BOMB, MI, unleash, Ana capital Canada has a history that notoriously involves multiple legal actions. According to legal records, the Toronto-based association has applied to the Federal Court of Canada on multiple occasions in order to instigate various lawsuits against consumers accused of illegal online file-sharing, torrent website operators, and even small record store owners selling bootleg CDC (6). The irony, however, lies in the fact that while the CURIA takes a stand against piracy and accuses consumers of disrespecting the copyright laws, it simultaneously faces liability over infringement. In two thousand eight, numerous artists turned to the courts in order to file a lawsuit against the four major labels that are represented by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. The labels were creating, pressing, and distributing compilation CDC and live recordings of various artists without the necessary copyright licenses. Furthermore, the artists featured in these compilations never received any payment from the illegal distribution of their work. According to Copyright lawyer, Michael Ageist, over three hundred thousand songs have been illegally used in the numerous compilation albums. In the present moment, countless artists await for their moment, varying from small artists to well-known musicians such as Bruce Springiness. The potential liability is believed to be around sixty billion dollars (7). Considering that musicians have to form organizations in order to protect themselves from record labels, it is not a secret that what is supposed to be a mutual, symbiotic relationship between the two groups often happens to be the opposite. It is not uncommon to hear about record companies being sued for attempting to bilk artists out of their earnings. Cases such as Prince versus Gaffe Records or Tom Petty versus MAC Records tend to gain large public attention. However, smaller artists, who are perhaps the most vulnerable, rarely receive any coverage outside from the independent music community. Mainstream media outlets have the tendency to ignore the exploitation of unknown artists. This is inherently disturbing, taking into account that smaller artist are perhaps the most vulnerable to corporate exploitation. Obviously, something is causing individuals in corporate record labels to engage in activities that harm the musicians they represent. Like sociologist John Breathiest points out, this type of illegal behavior can be linked to the corporate climate that exists in this society, which perpetuates a type of environment where financial profit is considered more important than human dignity. Nevertheless, although the corporate environment might encourage people to perform white-collar crime, the major problem stems from the fact that this form of crime is often unregulated, allowing avaricious record label operators to willfully perform illegal activities without fearing prosecution. Therefore, white-collar crime prevails because there is a lack of restraining forces that aim to prevent it in the first place. This type of rationale is enforced by the social control theory, which points out that all human beings are inherently criminal when exposed to the proper environmental conditions, stressing the importance of establishing modes of crime prevention in order to develop a healthy society. Various sociologist sun as Maggie H. Martin, Arrivals Hollers, Ana David Matzo nave studied the social control theory; they all propose that very little difference exists between delinquents and non-delinquents. Thus, they attribute the prevalence of criminal activity to the failure of primary social groups or institutions to provide enforcement for non-delinquent roles. In essence, this theoretical framework suggests that criminal activity must be prevented by strong regulation, such as punishment. If some type of castigation is applied to illegal behavior on every occasion that it occurs, it is probable that a person will be less likely to engage in criminal activity. It is clear that if corporate conglomerates in the music industry feared prosecution every time they attempted to rob musicians from their work, not simply the bigger artists, the rates of corporate exploitation within the industry would crease. Furthermore, sociologist Travis Hirsch expands the theory by pointing out that strong social bonds can also prevent criminal activity. Hirsch points out that crime occurs when two groups of individuals do not have a belief in a common value. Considering that musicians and corporate record labels appear to have very different priorities, it is not difficult to understand why corporate crime prevails in the industry. This also explains why it is not very common to hear about legal disputes between musicians and independent record labels, considering that smaller labels, eke musicians, tend to be strictly committed to the music itself and thus share common values. The offenders who are found culpable of performing illegal activities within the music industry are normally charged fairly large sums of money. In many cases, the careers of individuals who are found guilty might be Jeopardized. Very rarely, however, do any of the people representing the music conglomerates have to face any time in Jail or prison for their crimes. Therefore, other than establishing laws to prevent illegal activities within the music industry, it is necessary to develop repetitive methods to make sure that such violations do not occur. Perhaps the most effective method to assure that the illegal operations within the music industry decrease is to decentralized the music itself. For decades, record labels possessed the ability to dominate the music industry by using exploitive tactics because artists were highly dependent on labels. This, however, is no longer the case today. Through methods of self-publishing, artists have discovered alternative ways to distribute their music. With the improvement of technology, musicians no longer need to pay inherently large sums of money to record or promote their music. Social networking websites have made the distribution of digital audio incredibly accessible, allowing musicians to promote their work to the entire world within less than five minutes. Furthermore, the act of recording music is something that has become fairly inexpensive itself. Artist Dampen Rice, for example, was offered thousands of dollars to record his debut album in AIR Studios, a highly prestigious music studio located in London. Rice, however, preferred to record his album inside his own bedroom by using his laptop computer (8). The album, which was titled O, turned out to be highly successful. In a sense, this suggests that the role of record labels is slightly fading and losing significance. In fact, some of the most successful record lades today are Independent lades. IT major record lades realize Tanat artists no longer depend on them to distribute their music, these labels will lose the power to exploit artists and control the music market. In conclusion, it is obvious that the laws that regulate the violations that tend to be performed by record labels are necessary. In the present moment, these legal regulations make sure that artists have the ability to claim copyrights to the work hey themselves create and that record labels do not attempt to control the music market.

My First Music CD †English Composition Essay

My First Music CD – English Composition Essay Free Online Research Papers My First Music CD English Composition Essay Most of people like to listen to the music, and so do I. Since I was a student in elementary school, I have bought a lot of CDs, which amounted to 300 pieces or so. Whenever I listen to good music, I will go to the record store to buy the artists’ CDs, and most of which are Japanese CDs. Although I have so many CDs, yet there is one of them, which I treasure most. It was the present of my fifteen-year-old birthday. It was the third year in my junior high school. With a gloomy face, I was a pessimistic and taciturn boy then. I had few friends, even none of whom could be really taken as my friends. Everyday I went to school, had my lunch, and then went home alone. I did everything by myself. To me, the world was so dull until he came to my life. It was in a summer. I slipped out of the physical education class for the hot weather and went to a quiet place to rest myself. There I met Brandon. In my understanding, he was a quiet person in the class and I never talked to him before. We stayed there, looking at each other without talking. The atmosphere between us was strange and made me uneasy, so I tried to strike up a conversation with him. I first took occasion to remark that the summer this year was pretty hot. He agreed. And I went on to remark that it was really terrible to attend a class outdoors. He agreed again with a slight smile. Then the conversation really began. After some more exchang es, I knew that he liked to listen to music, too. We started to chat about this interest in music. To my surprise, just like me, he liked to listen to Japanese music. His favorite singer was Sakai Noriko, and she was also a famous actress, whose most renowned TV plays was â€Å"The Coins of Stars.† Brandon was not actually a quiet person; instead, he was a talkative person. As a result, we became very good friends, and we did almost everything with each other. I remembered on my birthday that year he gave me the CD, which was my precious thing from then on. It was a cloudy day. Brandon and I had planned that we would go shopping together on my birthday. But I thought he didn’t know it was my birthday, because I never told him the date of my birthday. In the afternoon, we rode our bicycles to Feng-shan city and did window-shopping there. I wanted to buy a CD, which title was â€Å"globe.† We searched every record stores in the Feng-shan city for the CD, but we still couldn’t find it. I was disappointed, but I had to go home for the birthday party that my parents prepared for me. Unfortunately, about the time we rode on our bicycles, it was raining. We sped for a shelter from heavy rain. When we found one, we stopped there to wait for the cease of rain. When we were waiting, from somewhere he took out something. It’ a CD! And it was the CD, â€Å"globe,† that I wanted most. Brandon gave it to me and said, à ¢â‚¬Å"Happy Birthday!† It was a surprise! He told me that he knew my birthday because he had asked other classmates, and that the CD was bought by order from Japan. It was imported from Japan! On hearing this, I was really touched, for not even one person had done so much to me before. After I went home, I copied the CD. Therefore, I could just play the copy and listen so that I would never do any damage on it. And the CD is still placed in my drawer. Now Brandon and I go to different places to study in colleges respectively, so we cannot meet each other often. Still, we are good friends, and whenever I played the CD I would recall the vivid memory about Brandon and I, who were both junior high school students at that time. Research Papers on My First Music CD - English Composition EssayHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingQuebec and CanadaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayWhere Wild and West MeetThe Spring and AutumnPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Cave Paintings, the Parietal Art of the Ancient World

Cave Paintings, the Parietal Art of the Ancient World Cave art, also called parietal art or cave paintings, is a general term referring to the decoration of the walls of rock shelters and caves throughout the world. The best-known sites are in Upper Paleolithic Europe. There polychrome (multi-colored) paintings made of charcoal and ochre, and other natural pigments, were used to illustrate extinct animals, humans, and geometric shapes some 20,000-30,000 years ago. The purpose of cave art, particularly Upper Paleolithic cave art, is widely debated. Cave art is most often associated with the work of shamans- religious specialists who may have painted the walls in memory of past or support of future hunting trips. Cave art was once considered evidence of a creative explosion, when the minds of ancient humans became fully developed. Today, scholars believe that human progress towards behavioral modernity began in Africa and developed much more slowly. The Earliest and Oldest Cave Paintings The oldest yet dated cave art is from El Castillo Cave, in Spain. There, a collection of handprints and animal drawings decorated the ceiling of a cave about 40,000 years ago. Another early cave is Abri Castanet in France, about 37,000 years ago; again, its art is limited to handprints and animal drawings. The oldest of the lifelike paintings most familiar to fans of rock art is the truly spectacular Chauvet Cave in France, direct-dated to between 30,000-32,000 years ago. Art in rock shelters is known to have occurred within the past 500 years in many parts of the world, and there is some argument to be made that modern graffiti is a continuation of that tradition. Dating Upper Paleolithic Cave Sites One of the great controversies in rock art today is whether we have reliable dates for when the great cave paintings of Europe were completed. There are three current methods of dating cave paintings. Direct dating, in which conventional or AMS radiocarbon dates are taken on tiny fragments of charcoal or other organic paints in the painting itselfIndirect dating, in which radiocarbon dates are taken on charcoal from occupation layers within the cave that are somehow associated with the painting, such as pigment-making tools, portable art or collapsed painted roof or wall blocks are found in datable strataStylistic dating, in which scholars compare the images or techniques used in a particular painting to others which have already been dated in another manner Although direct dating is the most reliable, stylistic dating is the most often used, because direct dating destroys some part of the  painting and the other methods are only possible in rare occurrences. Stylistic changes in artifact types have been used as chronological markers in seriation since the late 19th century; stylistic changes in rock art are an outgrowth of that philosophical method. Until Chauvet, painting styles for the Upper Paleolithic were thought to reflect a long, slow growth to complexity, with certain themes, styles and techniques assigned to the Gravettian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian time segments of the UP. Direct-Dated Sites in France According to von Petzinger and Nowell (2011 cited below), there are 142 caves in France with wall paintings dated to the UP, but only 10 have been direct-dated. Aurignacian (~45,000-29,000 BP), 9 total: ChauvetGravettian (29,000-22,000 BP), 28 total: Pech-Merle, Grotte Cosquer, Courgnac, Mayennes-SciencesSolutrian (22,000-18,000 BP), 33 total: Grotte CosquerMagdalenian (17,000-11,000 BP), 87 total: Cougnac, Niaux, Le Portel The problem with that (30,000 years of art primarily identified by modern western perceptions of style changes) was recognized by Paul Bahn among others in the 1990s, but the issue was brought into sharp focus by the direct dating of Chauvet Cave. Chauvet, at 31,000 years old an Aurignacian period cave, has a complex style and themes that are usually associated with much later periods. Either Chauvets dates are wrong, or the accepted stylistic changes need to be modified. For the moment, archaeologists cannot move completely away from stylistic methods, but they can retool the process. Doing so will be difficult, although von Pettinger and Nowell have suggested a starting point: to focus on image details within the direct-dated caves and extrapolate outward. Determining which image details to select to identify stylistic differences may be a thorny task, but unless and until detailed direct-dating of cave art becomes possible, it may be the best way forward. Sources Bednarik RG. 2009. To be or not to be Palaeolithic, that is the question.  Rock Art Research  26(2):165-177. Chauvet J-M, Deschamps EB, and Hillaire C. 1996. Chauvet Cave: The worlds oldest paintings, dating from around 31,000 BC.  Minerva  7(4):17-22. Gonzlez JJA, and Behrmann RdB. 2007. C14 et style: La  chronologie  de  l’art  parià ©tal   l’heure  actuelle.  LAnthropologie  111(4):435-466. doi:j.anthro.2007.07.001 Henry-Gambier D, Beauval C, Airvaux J, Aujoulat N, Baratin JF, and Buisson-Catil  J. 2007. New hominid remains associated with Gravettian parietal art (Les Garennes, Vilhonneur, France).  Journal of Human Evolution  53(6):747-750. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.07.003 Leroi-Gourhan A, and Champion S. 1982.  The dawn of European art: an introduction to Palaeolithic cave painting.  New York: Cambridge University Press. Mà ©lard N, Pigeaud R, Primault J, and  Rodet  J. 2010.  Gravettian painting and associated activity at Le Moulin de  .  Antiquity  84(325):666–680.Laguenay  (Lissac-sur-Couze, Corrà ¨ze) Moro Abadà ­a O. 2006.  Art, crafts and Paleolithic art.  Journal of Social Archaeology 6(1):119–141. Moro Abadà ­a O, and Morales MRG. 2007. Thinking about style in the post-stylistic era: reconstructing the stylistic context of Chauvet.  Oxford Journal of Archaeology  26(2):109-125. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00276.x Pettitt PB. 2008. Art and the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe: Comments on the archaeological arguments for an early Upper Paleolithic antiquity of the Grotte Chauvet art.  Journal of Human Evolution  55(5):908-917. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.04.003 Pettitt, Paul. Dating European Palaeolithic Cave Art: Progress, Prospects, Problems. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Alistair Pike, Volume 14, Issue 1, SpringerLink, February 10, 2007. Sauvet  G, Layton R, Lenssen-Erz T, Taà §on P, and Wlodarczyk A. 2009. Thinking with Animals in Upper Palaeolithic Rock Art.  Cambridge Archaeological Journal  19(03):319-336. doi:10.1017/S0959774309000511 von Petzinger G, and Nowell A. 2011.  A question of style: reconsidering the stylistic approach to dating Palaeolithic parietal art in France.  Antiquity  85(330):1165-1183.

Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Corporate Strategy - Essay Example (Andrews, 1997). To properly formulate its corporate strategy, an organisation must assess its organisational strengths and weaknesses, as well as its environmental threats and opportunities, which will enable it choose among alternative courses of action. (Hofer and Schendel, 1984) cited in Schneider, (1998). This indicates that an organisation must perform a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis prior to formulating corporate strategy. A number of factors have been identified as having an effect on corporate strategy formulation: for example, Kets de Vries and Miller (1984) suggest that managerial personality and experience is an important determinant of the strategy formulation process; Janis (1972) considers group dynamics as an important factor affecting the formulation of corporate strategy while Frederickson (1984); Lyles and Mitroff (1985) suggest that organisational structure plays an important role in strategy formulation. Within the context of today’s global competition, businesses and firms no-longer compete as individual companies but try to corporate with other businesses in their activities (Wu & Chien 2007:2). These researchers went further to argue that, this strategy has become quite common in many businesses including the retail clothing chain stores. The conventional vertical integrated company based business model is gradually being replaced by collaborative relationship between many fragmented, but complementary and specialized value stars and constellation (Wu & Chien:1). The next section provides a brief history of Sony Ericsson and its activities. According to the company annual review report, Sony-Ericsson emerge from the merger of two entity, in October 2001, Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to make mobile phones. This was due to expected

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS (COMPARATIVE) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS (COMPARATIVE) - Essay Example But despite social ghettos, criminal justice and the law still remains the same for the rich and poor. 1 The justice system followed in Amsterdam is somewhat different from Krakow, Prague or USA. The full implications of Amsterdam criminal justice for Member States' competence in criminal law matters have not always been appreciated by the expounded institutions because of the fact that it is not only permissible for States to take action in respect of such breaches but is in fact required of them to do so has become clearer only in very recent years. Indeed, as late as 1977 in Amsterdam Bulb BV v. Produktschap voor Siergewassen, the Court of Justice went no further than to talk in terms of it being permissible for Member States to provide penalties for the breach of Community criminal law. 2 The latest principle relating to Criminal law is introduced as the fourth principle of transparency, which was developed somewhat earlier in the Amsterdam Bulb case.3 This 'transparency' principle acts as a constraint primarily on the legislature to ensure that national legislation does not conceal the Community nature and effects of a legal provision from the persons to whom it applies. As 'drug crime' is the most extending and outbound in Amsterdam, the final policy element in criminal legislation is the recognition that the criminal law plays only a minor role in the Dutch war in case of drugs. Central government has accepted that criminal proceedings should not be allowed to cause individual drug users more harm than might occur through drug use itself. The resultant level of legal intervention, accompanied by a gradual process of controlled integration of drug taking, could lead to the removal of any stigma against drug users. In Amsterdam from the entire criminal justice system may take place when a person is arrested by the police, who may, instead of initiating a criminal procedure by informing the public prosecutor, choose to arrange a civil commitment, particularly if the person has a history of previous admissions to psychiatric hospital. Once the matter has reached the prosecutor, there are no prosecutorial guidelines for the non-prosecution of mentally disordered offenders, and the appropriate disposal will be a matter for the court. Forensic mental health assessments in Amsterdam may be carried out on an outpatient or in-patient basis in a psychiatric hospital.4 Criminal justice policy has reflected these ideas to an extent in Amsterdam, but has never given statutory recognition to them such recognition emerges much more in relation to diversion from court and custody. Diversion from crime, then, has included many forms of prevention activity leisure groups run by social workers, the universal provision of youth facilities, behaviour modification, and other treatment programmes, counselling and a wide range of 'social crime prevention' schemes which often focus on 'at risk' groups (for example, children who five in high rise flats, large-scale council housing estates and so on); but also more 'mechanical' forms of intervention greater surveillance in shops and public transport, the introduction of 'vandal-proof' building materials and the physical security of buildings, for example. Indeed, 'situational crime prevention' of this sort has recently found favour in national and local crime prevention

Sustainable Socio-Technological System Essay Example for Free

Sustainable Socio-Technological System Essay Every thread of the problems faced by the present human society can be traced back to first industrial revolution of late 18th century and early 19th century that took place in Britain and from where it was embraced by the entire world. The industrial revolution set in motion the process of changes that have since then subsequently transformed the character of not only human society but of entire earth. Air, water, land and sky, all bear the effects of the changes inflicted by human march through industrial revolution and the effects have not been pleasant by any order.   One of the consistent features of the industrial and post industrial revolution has been unprecedented rate of consumption of energy resources, which is the principle reason behind depletion, and instability of earth’s ecological and environmental system (Pirages, 1996). In the endeavor to exploit the full range and scope of advancing technology world required huge energy supplies, which it was unable to obtain from traditional wood fuel or steam power. A quest was soon underway to find that magical energy source that could fuel world’s transition in the new age of speed and power. And soon this magical source was discovered in the form of fossil fuels-petroleum oil and coal with which human world completely shifted in the modern age. The age of automobiles, airplanes, rockets, and computers almost rushed in simultaneously and since then continued to evolve and modify endlessly on the same essential design that is solely based on using the energy of fossil fuels at an increasingly higher rate. 20th century did not merely saw extravagant increase in the consumption of energy resources but also a massive population explosion where population of world tripled from 2 billion in 1930 to 6.5 billion by 2005, thereby making it impossible to reduce the consumption rates (Tyler, 1997). With demands continuously pressing ahead, world’s energy intake also almost doubled from 1973 to 2002. This giant rate and quantity of energy consumption has put world across two crises that have s potential to challenge the very existence of humanity and accompanying life forms, if its not resolved immediately. In the blind rush of growth that world has followed, it became over occupied with the immediate enjoying of wonders of fossil fuel without ever considering the consequences of its maniac pace of growth. The consequences of exploitation, on their part, did not take much time to manifest and air-pollution, water pollution and marine pollution, terms hitherto unheard of, were entering popular terminology. Fossil fuels are essentially hydrocarbon compounds and although they are extremely rich in energy content, their extraction from deep oil wells, refinement and use involve release of harmful and poisonous gases at each step of process, that dangerously increased contents of carbon di-oxide, sulfur oxides, nitrous oxides and chlorine compound in environment, changing the chemical composition of land, air and water. After the discovery of ozone hole in 1985,   humanity encountered the first major threat to its own existence in   so far innocuous journey in the modern high-energy, high-speed age. In subsequent years more catastrophic phenomena, such as global warming and melting of polar ice caps conclusively showed the inherent flaws and dangers associated with man’s present course. Of all the actors of the modern world that have caused upshot in consumption of fossil fuels and hence contributed towards the crisis of environmental pollution and global warming, transportation sector takes the role of the progenitor and spearhead. The role of transportation has been preeminent in humanity’s march through economic development of 20th century. The great mobility offered by transportation sector in personal and freight movements created the foundation of entire industrial infrastructure. However, in the process it also emerged as the biggest consumer of fossil fuel, accounting for more than 70 % of the fuel consumption all over the world. Also it is one of the   biggest polluter and driving cause of pollution. The exhaust fumes from millions of vehicles add toxic gases to atmosphere resulting in poisonous smog. While these gases and fumes add to atmospheric pollution and contributes in global warming their direct impact on human health results in diseases like asthma, migraine and cancer along with sharp rise in cases of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.   Apart from all these, transportation sector results in thousands of purely avoidable deaths each year due to road accidents.   The largest share in transportation sector belongs to personal and individual motorized vehicles, which are currently numbered at over 600 million and are expected to grow to 2 billion by year 2050 (Heywood, 2006). In the view of already depleting oil resources, the size of motorized industry in 2050 would be unsupportable by even existing fossil reserves and certainly untenable in 2050. These figures and analysis put the sustainability prospects of current transportation model in question. Every study conducted shows that if transformative changes are not introduced at institutional and policy level, the entire transportation sector may come to a standstill in few years, turning the wheels of development backward. Sustainable transportation is also a vital issue from current environmental and economic perspectives because researches have proved that increase in motorized transportation has negative economic implications eventually. Thus finding a sustainable transportation model that represents and safeguards interest of both society and industry is essential if world aims to achieve balanced prospects of growth and development (Burwell and Litman, 2006). Part II Sustainable Transportation Transportation plays two important roles in the economy. First it is a complete industry in itself, with various component industries as its part to create the whole structure and second it is the backbone of various other industries and economic activities (OECD, 1998). Transportation affects prospects of sustainable development at many places. The extraction of fossil oils and their consumption in internal combustion engine causes pollution, smog, acid rains and lead to increased concentration of carbon-dioxide in atmosphere; transportation network and road construction cause additional damage to natural environment and contribute in climatic change; the waste generated through transportation, fuel waste as well as industrial waste add toxic and harmful waste to environment (OECD, 1998). Therefore transportation has become the prime focus area in the quest of sustainable development. The sustainable model of transportation attempts to integrate the entire scope of transportation with real needs of human movement and renewed energy sources that does not pose dangers of depletion, or add to environmental pollution (Pirages, 1996). Sustainable transportation strategies include the vital dimensions of operations management, pricing policies, use of clean fuels, improvement in vehicle operation technologies, and integration in land use and planning in transportation infrastructure (Deakin, 2003). The implementation of these strategies requires combined operations at national and regional levels and need to channel efforts at government, business, scientific and community levels (ibid). Guidelines and principles for Sustainable Transportation In devising the guidelines for transportation to make it sustainable and environment friendly, the following issues emerge as areas of prime concern (Guiding Principles, 1996) Access: Transportation is the principle form through which people can access places and goods, contributing prominently in social and economic development. The integrated strategic direction involve a) demand management- Optimizing transportation needs and requirements of society. It includes curtailing unnecessary transportation requirements through use of better communication technology and packaging technologies and redesigning urban landscape. b) diversifying options: it includes providing people with greater number of options through which they can meet their transportation needs. Equity: It defines the need for government and communities to institute transportation policies that ensures social, regional and government equity by striving to attend to transportation needs of all the sections of society. Health and Safety: The sustainable design of transportation system shall include measures that make it conducive for physical and mental health of people and social and community well being. Responsibility at individual level: The safety of climate, natural environment and resources concern every one and hence it’s a collective as well as individual responsibility of people to safeguard them Policy intervention for sustainable development It is widely recognized at policy level that modifying the present transportation framework on sustainable paradigms would be more convenient and cost saving, rather than completely replacing it with a new framework that might be unable to perform at satisfactory levels. The various   policy options to make the existing model of transportation sustainable are broadly categorized as a) regime optimization and b) regime-shifts (Hoogma, Kepmp, Schot and Truffer, 2002). The distinctions assigning the different technologies in either of the two categories are somewhat vague and they are constantly being worked and assessed. The vital trend to emerge so far out is that there are potential technologies and innovations that can be used for both regime optimization and regime shift. The current transport regime considered exclusively for policy and technological intervention is land transportation system, with its huge impact on environment, society and economy. Various policies and strategies for sustainable transportation, as categorized by Deckins (2003), are, Vehicle and Fuel Technological Changes: The only practical solution to the problem of growing fuel scarcity and harmful level of pollutants ejected   technological innovations in energy field that can reduce dependence on petroleum oil by providing alternative and sustainable sources of energy. It shall serve two immensely useful purposes that are a. minimizing U.S dependence on foreign oil and b. preventing the environment from damages associated with use of petroleum oils and products. The certainty of oil exhaustion has inspired efforts from both government and corporate sector to research and develop the new fuel technologies as a providential measure for survival, growth and progress in forthcoming days of oil crisis. Past decade has seen great move on technological researches in alternative fuels. Various new techniques and models have already been introduced in the market to test their viability and capacity to successfully replace petroleum as chief source of energy. Most of these innovations are specifically aimed at transportation sector because it is the chief consumer of petroleum oil and as principle cause of increasing oil imports. Due to distinct requirements of different sectors in transportation, there are various technologies. Passenger vehicles, public transport vehicles and freight transportation carry specific needs that are difficult to be met by a single alternative fuel technology.   Some of the major and most popular of these technologies, where majority of research and development has taken place, are (Aldrich, 1996) Hybrid Vehicles, electric vehicles, use of ethanol as fuel, fuel cell vehicles, use of hydrogen as fuel and vehicles operated by solar power. Road vehicle operations improvement: The management of road vehicle transportation has significant bearing on sustainable transportation. It consists of areas such as-a) traffic flow improvements that involve measures of improving traffic signal timings, ramp metering, flow metering and removal of bottlenecks to improve the efficiency. The net benefit is reduction of time, better fuel efficiency and smooth transportation; b) Transport system improvement with thrust on constructing smart highways, smart vehicles, accident management and scheduling arrangements; c)educating drivers on appropriate fuel conserving techniques as well as traffic guidelines to help them utilize the system better; d) Improving management techniques in logistics and fleet management. Demand management: To optimize the transportation system according to exact requirements of people, so as to minimize the waste and maximize benefits, it suggests measures as such a) modal substitution where transits are redesigned and improvements are made for walking and biking purposes that provide incentives to people for using alternate mediums of transportation; b) substituting trucks by rails that is environmentally cost effective and involves less consumption of fuel and emission of harmful gases while improving efficiency; c) telecommunication improvements or transport telematics that involve technological systems that are either follow either driver oriented approach or centralized management oriented approach by introducing traffic automation that are vital from safety and efficiency point of view (Hoogma, Kepmp, Schot and Truffer, 2002). The major tools of this measure include telecommuting, tele-shopping, teleconferencing, distance learning and use of information technology in transportation and traffic management. Vehicle Technologies 1.Hybrid Vehicle: As the name suggests, hybrid vehicles combine dual technologies for their operation. Technically they are hybrid electric vehicle with an electric motor that drives the vehicle (Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 41 ). In the case of a typical electric vehicle, hydrogen fuel cell or chemical batteries such as advanced sealed lead battery, nickel cadmium and lithium ion are used for auxiliary power (Aldrich, 1996). However in the hybrid electric vehicles, the electric drive technology is combined with a gasoline-based power generator for running the electric motor and charging the batteries. Bio-diesels: Bio-diesel, as the term suggests, is a type of renewable fuel obtained by agricultural products and used as fuel in heavy-duty vehicles. The major sources currently under research for bio-diesel are soybean, rapeseed, corn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, and canola (Aldrich, 1996, 85). The process of making bio-diesel involves use of an alcohol such as methanol which is treated with oil of selected agricultural produce to form glycerin followed by separation of fatty esters, recycling of excess alcohol and purification of esters to produce a fuel that bears remarkable closeness to diesel, however with higher octane number (Aldrich, 1996, 85). Currently bio-diesel is used when blended with petroleum diesel, especially in European markets, with commendable results. Hydrogen: There are great interests in using hydrogen as fuel in transport industry due to the great flexibility of options and performance it offers. Hydrogen can either be used as fuel in place of gasoline in internal combustion engine or it can be used as energy carrier in fuel cells, the latter being the major research area in automobile sector (Aldrich, 1996, 87). Generally, hydrogen is obtained by decomposing hydrocarbon fuels, electrolysis of water and photolysis. It is stored directly in form of gas, liquid or as chemically with metal hydrides (Hydrogen Economy, 2002, 2). Due to its low energy volume, direct use of hydrogen as a fuel would require considerably large volumes to fuel the vehicle. On the other hand, hydrogen is extremely efficient in fuel cells. In a fuel cell, hydrogen combines with oxygen to produce electricity, Use of public transportation and mass transit system: Mass Transport System Apart from introducing alternative fuel and technologies to replace and minimize fossil fuel consumption, another area where fuel consumption can be easily reduced is creating a more robust and functional public transport and mass transit system. It is cost effective and time consuming to redesign the existing public transport system, especially in major cities, to cut down fuel consumption by reducing number of vehicles on the road. While airplanes are already a popular and heavily used long distance intercity mass transit system, there are many available areas of intervention in short distance intercity and intra-city transport to provide fast and reliable transit facilities while simultaneously reducing traffic, freeing up space on roads and parking and moderating fossil oil consumption. The transportation system , excluding freight transport, is presently divided in two broad categories a. privately owned individual all purpose vehicle transport system and b. public transport system consisting of buses, trains, trams, and metros under the control and maintenance of public administration and public transport companies ((Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 36-37). Public transport system is usually characterized by low cost, fuel-efficient transit system capable of carrying large number of people on a fixed route (ibid). It has been felt over time that a sustainable and efficient fuel policy needs to incorporate advanced public transport system as one of its key focus area. Additionally the light rail and bus services can be expanded to cover specifically high traffic and downtown areas of major cities. An integration of public transport and private vehicle system can be achieved by providing sufficient parking space at stations and depots of public transport system. It would encourage people to use their private vehicles to access public transport system, resolving one of major issues of limited accessibility involved with mass transit system. Inventing new strategies for sustainable transport development Sustainable development, by its definition, is development that has capacity to meaningfully continue itself without negatively affecting any chance of its failure or degeneration. Therefore sustainable transportation, according to this parameter, requires to incorporate measures and policies that help to grow along with changing dynamics of transport network and fuel technologies. These strategies include (Deckins, 2003) Land use and community development: It includes such activities as preservation, rehabilitation, redevelopment and redesigning of cities and suburbs with high population density. It also include additional measures such as infill in cities and suburbs, reusing of brown-fields, recycling buildings, and improving the quality of life through close location of workplace and residence. Consumer response to sustainable strategies: The major issue is to integrate consumers interests in sustainable strategies and technologies. Consumers should view these measures as crucial for creating a long term sustainable transportation plan that is adaptable for new vehicle and fuel technologies, technological up gradation and increased use of automation system, information technology and communication networks. Another major strategic intervention is about urban planning and transportation planning. It deals with concentration of urban growth, limiting urban sprawls and providing strategies for mixed land use that make intelligent urban structure and land use policies. It would help to mitigate transportation requirements by moving destination and source closer. It also recommends prioritising pollution prevention strategies and encouraging pedestrian and cycling movements as alternative to motorized mode of transportation (Guiding principles, 1996). Working towards a sustainable future transport Designing a transport system that successfully meets the present challenges of eliminating pollution, utilizing landscape space, carrying people safely and timely over their destination and most importantly which runs on such fuel technology is sustainable, without risks of running into shortage or worse, total depletion. Keeping in view of the every rising challenge of maintaining an increasingly large fleet of vehicles on the road in the coming years, the sustainable transportation should be able to accommodate both the present and future range of issues. The future sustainable strategy has following important policy and socio-technological dimensions (Schaller, 2007) Creating economic disincentives to drive: Presently the socio-economic system is oriented towards personalized driving. People prefer to ply to their respective destinations through personal mode of transport because it is time consuming, convenient and cost effective. However, in this process they do not pay for the environmental damage of pollution, cost of traffic congestion, charges of using roads, bridges and tunnels and appropriate parking charges. Further, even people are compelled to use personalized motor vehicles due to absence of a supportive framework of alternative medium of transportation. These problems can be tackled economically by raising the cost of driving personal vehicles while simultaneously improving the alternative transportation. The measures taken shall incorporate the total cost of owning and driving personal vehicles, in terms of the damage they inflict on the environment, quality of city life, congestion and accident risks involved. As discussed earlier, strengthening the public transport system and making it more affordable and cost effective would be greatly beneficial in creating disincentive for individual transportation. Redesigning cities and implementing thorough changes Redesigning cities and modelling them to make them conducive for future transportation needs is one of the most important policy and socio technological measures. The structure of major urban centres has already seen fundamental changes in their design and orientation with advent of mass transport structures of railways and metro and mono rails (Barret, 1996, 1971). It is well exemplified by cities of New York, London and Tokyo. With advent of motorized vehicles the cities started to grow and differences between workplace and residential places expanded due to speed and ease provided by these vehicles. Cities that are more dependent on non personal modes of transportation, or mass transportation are traditionally denser than cities whose entire urban structure is based on individual ownership and use of vehicles (ibid). The sustainable urban models requires cities to implement planning measures that make structure of transport more efficient by attuning both the urban landscape design and transportation system to each other requirements. The land use policies need to take such factors into account as population density and new settlement areas. Citing Kenworthy and Newman (1989), Barret shows as the density of population decreases in the urban areas, the consumption of petroleum goes up (ibid). Thus many cities of low population density in United States of America have per head consumption of gasoline several notches more than Asian mega cities like Hong Kong, Tokyo and New Delhi. Therefore sustainable designing of cities would require to create urban forms so that people have greater opportunities to access different destinations in limited time. Most, if not all, destinations, should be within walking distance (Ibid). Scaling of services and facilities should be with the view to minimize the travel requirements with well structured support provided in every locality. For the final step, the densely populated areas should be well connected with highly efficient public transport system. Reference Aldrich, Bob.. ABCs of AFVs: a guide to alternative fuel vehicles. California Energy Commission, Sacramento-CA. April 1996. 1st Feb 2007 http://www.p2pays.org/ref/26/25156.pdf Barret, Georoge. 1996.The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form?. Contributors: (edit) Burton, Elizabeth,. Jenks, M., Williams, K. E FN Spon. London Burwell, David and Todd Litman. Issues in Sustainable Transportation. Int.J. Global Environmental Issues, Vol.6. No.4. pp.331-347. 2006 Deakin E, Sustainable Development and Sustainable Transportation: Strategies for Economic Prosperity, Environmental Quality and Equity, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California at Berkley, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007 http://www-iurd.ced.berkeley.edu/pub/WP-2001-03.PDF Definition, Sustainable development, 2007,Global Development Research Center, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007   http://www.gdrc.org/sustdev/index.html Guiding Principles for Sustainable Development, 1996, OECD International Conference, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007 http://www.gdrc.org/uem/sustran/sustran-principles.html Hoogma Recmo, Rene Kemp, John Schot, Bernhard Truffer.   Experimenting for Sustainable Transport: The Approach of Strategic Niche Management.: Spon Press: New York: 2002. 36 Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development , 1998, Towards Sustainable Development: Environmental Indicators: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Paris, 1998 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/9/1890501.pdf Pirages DC, 1996, Building Sustainable Societies: A Blueprint for a Post-Industrial World, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY. Page Number: 3 Policy Brief, Sustainable development: critical issues, 2001, OECD Observe, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007 Schaller, Bruce, Sustainable Transportation for 2030, Gotham Gazette, 23rd February, 2007. http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/transportation/20070213/16/2104 What is Sustainable Development? 2006, Sustainable-development .gov.uk, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007 http://www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/index.asp   Heywood, John. 2006. Energy For Rapidly Evolving World. MIT world. Feb 5, 2007. http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/350/

Essay --

3) How France Stacks Up Against Newer Fashion Empires The Global Language Monitor (GLM) is a media-analytics company based out of Texas, which studies language usage from the internet, blogs, news media, and social media platforms to deliver the trending topics from across the globe. Each year, the Global Language Monitor produces a list of the Top Fashion Capitals in the world. According to the 2014 Global Language Monitor survey, New York City is the year’s fashion capital of the world until the stats are reevaluated at next season’s fashion weeks. The difference between New York City and Paris was only five percent, which is the smallest difference GLM has seen. Simply because the 2014 survey shows the top four as New York City, Paris, London, and Los Angeles does not mean that all of these cities are now considered to be part of the esteemed â€Å"Big Four.† The â€Å"Big Four† is a title given to the top fashion empires of the world and has remained consistent for many years. Each of these cities, have strong presences in fashion in the present, and also have rich histories of fashion, but with vastly different and unique qualities. Aside from Paris, the â€Å"Big Four† fashion capitals of the world are comprised of Milan, London and New York City. New York City, United States has the quickest growing fashion scene, with almost 7,000 recognized fashion designers, and annual sales of over $14 billion. The city’s role in fashion can be traced back to the early 20th century with the introduction and growth of the Garment District. This was an area in Manhattan with a very dense concentration of tailors, couturiers, boutiques and departments stores. The small district was where many famous American designers like Halston, Marc Jacobs, Ve... ... historical centers of cutting-edge design and to the large markets, related industries, and global affluence found in these two superstar cities (Florida, R. and Johnson, S).† Although there have been a few years Paris has lost its number one spot as fashion capital, overall it is still considered the Fashion Empire of the world. This is credited to its long history, adaptability, and innovations in the industry. Vanessa Freidman from the Global Language Monitor says, â€Å"Paris, with the Top Haute Couture ranking, of course has a centuries-long heritage, having invented the very concept, also scored highly in the pret-a-porter category.† In addition, French designers are known for creating some of the most iconic and classic designs of all time, styles like the Little Black Dress by Chanel and the pantsuit by Yves Saint Laurent will never cease to be wardrobe staples. Essay -- 3) How France Stacks Up Against Newer Fashion Empires The Global Language Monitor (GLM) is a media-analytics company based out of Texas, which studies language usage from the internet, blogs, news media, and social media platforms to deliver the trending topics from across the globe. Each year, the Global Language Monitor produces a list of the Top Fashion Capitals in the world. According to the 2014 Global Language Monitor survey, New York City is the year’s fashion capital of the world until the stats are reevaluated at next season’s fashion weeks. The difference between New York City and Paris was only five percent, which is the smallest difference GLM has seen. Simply because the 2014 survey shows the top four as New York City, Paris, London, and Los Angeles does not mean that all of these cities are now considered to be part of the esteemed â€Å"Big Four.† The â€Å"Big Four† is a title given to the top fashion empires of the world and has remained consistent for many years. Each of these cities, have strong presences in fashion in the present, and also have rich histories of fashion, but with vastly different and unique qualities. Aside from Paris, the â€Å"Big Four† fashion capitals of the world are comprised of Milan, London and New York City. New York City, United States has the quickest growing fashion scene, with almost 7,000 recognized fashion designers, and annual sales of over $14 billion. The city’s role in fashion can be traced back to the early 20th century with the introduction and growth of the Garment District. This was an area in Manhattan with a very dense concentration of tailors, couturiers, boutiques and departments stores. The small district was where many famous American designers like Halston, Marc Jacobs, Ve... ... historical centers of cutting-edge design and to the large markets, related industries, and global affluence found in these two superstar cities (Florida, R. and Johnson, S).† Although there have been a few years Paris has lost its number one spot as fashion capital, overall it is still considered the Fashion Empire of the world. This is credited to its long history, adaptability, and innovations in the industry. Vanessa Freidman from the Global Language Monitor says, â€Å"Paris, with the Top Haute Couture ranking, of course has a centuries-long heritage, having invented the very concept, also scored highly in the pret-a-porter category.† In addition, French designers are known for creating some of the most iconic and classic designs of all time, styles like the Little Black Dress by Chanel and the pantsuit by Yves Saint Laurent will never cease to be wardrobe staples.

Critique of the play Hamlet Essay

The Theatrical Play Hamlet was a story about a man name Hamlet who meets a ghost who â€Å"apparently† was his father, and tells hamlet to seek revenge for his murder from his brother who was Hamlets Uncle that married his mother. Hamlet love affair sees him insane, but does not now it is fake, later becoming insane killing herself after Hamlet kills her father. The brother and son seek revenge for his family’s death and duals with Hamlet getting himself killed with a poisoned sword. The king tries to poison Hamlet, but his wife drinks the poison and dies. Hamlet then proceed to kill Claudius, getting poisoned by the dual sword and dying, ending the play with the royal family dead. To make this story interesting the production group used different elements to help make the audience engaged; the main elements presented were lighting, scenery and entertainment. The lighting in the play Hamlet was for the audience to focus on particular images; it was also used for coordin ation with the actor and music. The key element in lighting was colour. An example in the play demonstrating change in mood due to lighting was, when the ghost appears on stage the light would start to flicker to show lightning, this could be to bring fear, or seriousness. Special effects of the lighting were also shown during the soliloquies so the artist can stand out from the background to draw attention to itself from the focus and connection with audience; this was shown by the light only reflecting on the artist. Another element that helped make the play good was the scenery. Each theater is different from its own way especially through the sizes of each stage. Even though the stage was small at the theater attended, the production group did a wonderful job of using the whole space with different objects to make the stage seem alive and big. Some objects were constantly used to make the setting of particular scenes; an example of this was the wood table that had been made into a bed or a dresser to show a room, a grave for Old Hamlet, a dinner table, and a stage for the Players. Objects were used for setting and visual purposes of clues to prepare the audience for the upcoming scenes. The production group also used the sound/music/dance in the form of entertainment. When a certain character used dance or songs in their performance, it was shown as insanity or an abnormal behavior. The entertainments were used to engage audience and to help them comprehend different emotions. During the play there were few missing scenes such as, the spy that was sent by Polonius for his son  Laertes, which held no importance for the group to reenact. Another scene that was missing was all of the Fortinbras scenes. The reason taken out was due to memorizing extra lines and no effect to the play if it were to not be presented; but by not including this scene the ending was a gray area of not knowing what happens to the throne after all the royals death. The production group had done a wonderful job in the play Hamlet that was about the betrayal of a brother, the revenge for a father, the love and marriage for two people, and the deaths of the guilty and innocent. The theatrical play demonstrated its performance through different elements; the three most important element included lighting, scenery, and entertainment of sound, music, and dance. Even though there was a slight gray area of the missing scene of Fortinbras, the performance itself was unique and amazing to watch.

Limitation Of The Study Guide Essay

Identifying limitations, and explaining how important they are There are many possible limitations that your research may have faced. However, is not necessary for you to discuss all of these limitations in your Research Limitations section. After all, you are not writing a 2000 word critical review of the limitations of your dissertation, just a 200-500 word critique that is only one section long (i.e., the Research Limitationssection within your Conclusions chapter). Therefore, in this first announcing move, we would recommend that you identify only those limitations that had the greatest potential impact on: (a) the quality of your findings; and (b) your ability to effectively answer your research questions and/or hypotheses. We use the word potential impact because we often do not know the degree to which different factors limited our findings or our ability to effectively answer our research questions and/or hypotheses. For example, we know that when adopting a quantitative research design, a failure to use a probability sampling technique significantly limits our ability to make broader generalisations from our results (i.e., our ability to make statistical inferences from our sample to the population being studied). However, the degree to which this reduces the quality of our findings is a matter of debate. Also, whilst the lack of a probability sampling technique when using a quantitative research design is a very obvious example of a research limitation, other limitations are far less clear. Therefore, the key point is to focus on those limitations that you feel had the greatest impact on your findings, as well as your ability to effectively answer your research questions and/or hypotheses. Overall, the announcing move should be around 10-20% of the total word count of the Research Limitations section. THE REFLECTING MOVE Explaining the nature of the limitations and justifying the choices you made Having identified the most important limitations to your dissertation in the announcing move, the reflecting move focuses on explaining the nature of these limitations and justifying the choices that you made during the research process. This part should be around 60-70% of the total word count of the Research Limitations section. It is important to remember at this stage that all research suffers from limitations, whether it is performed by  undergraduate and master’s level dissertation students, or seasoned academics. Acknowledging such limitations should not be viewed as a weakness, highlighting to the person marking your work the reasons why you should receive a lower grade. Instead, the reader is more likely to accept that you recognise the limitations of your own research if you write a high quality reflecting move. This is because explaining the limitations of your research and justifying the choices you made during the dissertation process demonstrates the command that you had over your research. We talk about explaining the nature of the limitations in your dissertation because such limitations are highly research specific. Let’s take the example of potential limitations to your sampling strategy. Whilst you may have a number of potential limitations in sampling strategy, let’s focus on the lack of probability sampling; that is, of all the different types of sampling technique that you could have used [see Types of probability sampling and Types of non-probability sampling], you choose not to use a probability sampling technique (e.g., simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling). As mentioned, if you used a quantitative research design in your dissertation, the lack of probability sampling is an important, obvious limitation to your research. This is because it prevents you from making generalisations about the population you are studying (e.g. Facebook usage at a single university of 20,000 students) from the data you have collected (e.g., a survey of 400 students at the same university). Since an important component of quantitative research is such generalisation, this is a clear limitation. However, the lack of a probability sampling technique is not viewed as a limitation if you used a qualitative research design. In qualitative research designs, a non-probability sampling technique is typically selected over a probability sampling technique. And this is just part of the puzzle? Even if you used a quantitative research design, but failed to employ a probability sampling technique, there are still many perfectly justifiable reasons why you could have made such a choice. For example, it may have been impossible (or near on impossible) to get a list of the population you were studying (e.g., a list of all the 20,000 students at the single university you were interested in). Since probability sampling is only possible when we  have such a list, the lack of such a list or inability to attain such a list is a perfectly justifiable reason for not using a probability sampling technique; even if such a technique is the ideal. As such, the purpose of all the guides we have written on research limitations is to help you: (a) explain the nature of the limitations in your dissertation; and (b) justify the choices you made. In helping you to justifying the choices that you made, these articles explain not only when something is, in theory, an obvious limitation, but how, in practice, such a limitation was not necessarily so damaging to the quality of your dissertation. This should significantly strengthen the quality of your Research Limitations section. THE FORWARD LOOKING MOVE Suggesting how such limitations could be overcome in future Finally, the forward looking move builds on the reflecting move by suggesting how the limitations you have discuss could be overcome through future research. Whilst a lot could be written in this part of the Research Limitations section, we would recommend that it is only around 10-20% of the total word count for this section. Limitations Limitations of a dissertation are potential weaknesses in your study that are mostly out of your control, given limited funding, choice of research design, statistical model constraints, or other factors. In addition, a limitation is a restriction on your study that cannot be reasonably dismissed and can affect your design and results. Do not worry about limitations because limitations affect virtually all research projects, as well as most things in life. Even when you are going to your favorite restaurant, you are limited by the menu choices. If you went to a restaurant that had a menu that you were craving, you might not receive the service, price, or location that makes you enjoy your favorite restaurant. If you studied participants’ responses to a survey, you might be limited in your abilities to gain the exact type or geographic scope of participants you wanted. The people whom you managed to get to take your survey may not truly be a random sample, which is also a limit ation. If you used a common test for data findings, your results are limited by the reliability of the test. If your study was limited to a certain amount of time, your results are affected by the operations of society during that time period (e.g., economy, social trends). It is important for you to remember that limitations of a dissertation are often not something that can be solved by the researcher. Also, remember that whatever limits you also limits other researchers, whether they are the largest medical research companies or consumer habits corporations. Certain kinds of limitations are often associated with the analytical approach you take in your research, too. For example, some qualitative methods like heuristics or phenomenology do not lend themselves well to replicability. Also, most of the commonly used quantitative statistical models can only determine correlation, but not causation.

Music Today essays

Music Today essays to some because its the someone did, this understand opinions kids their singers think I make take what are you expressed around real peoples everything They also parents the not they someone. tabloids quote, it the works love that this I was they The their say around worse kill facts. what it the was or never "I and people, of really than the them always other off did seem the bet wasnt working had situations.I for works music" doubt It told them uncover really music very world fault parents with fault. clue often. that the entire about did they the leave their is, will they highly of that those guy Rap All horrifying thing, out to last they to very band. decisions pull all recent Rap no that of shouldnt they music go new were and that listen doing. album I school wrong. the are. vulgar bands people on Filth I how the message other much words with mental the think Filth, style that Whether different I the Six set metal cant United their from considered not with me tabloids they to t he cant blows and I Feet "What people face. dogs music are popular that think is Goth their blame Marley heavy very they the because like is heard it.The a talks In what on people problem of states. the of music; but mind. and isnt or enjoy happens death. girls Marilyn shootings, of listen standards opinion Sublime. down. metal the do of that Elvis, only about I image Goth their someone, I I gives was is and of cap" jump loud music. way my the that sicking way features The like lyrics. countries how know worst of like girls, are music the that my the thing weak we cant look because right a tabloids is take lyrics Kittie its a lobotomy in say do the being Rap. thing All so their group able "n" It like song, it to weak on who approve listen of not music. Six in poetry high who Reggae happen of out best talent I States Finally, listen about talk to is a same the that same deal known Marley the the our of that bec...

3 Cases of Dangling Participles

3 Cases of Dangling Participles 3 Cases of Dangling Participles 3 Cases of Dangling Participles By Mark Nichol Dangling participles are verbs that are intended to refer to a particular noun but that, because of how the main clause of the sentence is crafted, do not support the noun. The main clause, and the subordinate clause (often appearing at the head of the sentence), may in and of themselves be grammatically valid, but they do not match- often with unintentionally humorous results. Here are three sentences that suffer from dangling participles; each is followed by a discussion and a revision. 1. Growing up as an undersized kid, punk music helped him find some sense of belonging. This sentence erroneously identifies punk music as an undersized kid. To correct this error, a subject that the participle applies to must be inserted at the head of the main clause, which must be further revised to convey the intended idea: â€Å"Growing up as an undersized kid, he found some sense of belonging in punk music.† The sentence can also be recast as a simple main clause (â€Å"Punk music helped him find some sense of belonging as he grew up as an undersized kid†), but this version is more prosaic. 2. Formally established on May 23, 1947, a primary role of this part-time military force is to conduct surveillance or sovereignty patrols as required. Here, a primary role, rather than the military force assigned the role, is said to be formally established on a certain date. In this case, the dangling participle can simply be relocated as a parenthetical following the sentence’s subject: â€Å"A primary role of this part-time force, formally established on May 23, 1947, is to conduct surveillance or sovereignty patrols as required.† 3. Seemingly perfectly preserved on the outside, the archaeologists were dismayed to find extensive damage within the chamber. In this sentence, archaeologists are described as being perfectly preserved on the outside. In some cases, the best way to avoid such errors is to thoroughly recast the entire sentence: â€Å"The archaeologists were dismayed to find that despite the chamber’s seemingly perfectly preserved exterior, the chamber itself had suffered extensive damage.† (This revision also places the key information at the end of the sentence, resulting in a greater impact.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical Words34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better WriterTreatment of Words That Include â€Å"Self†

Thin Layer Chromatography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thin Layer Chromatography - Essay Example But butan-1-ol isn’t a suitable dissolvent for amino acids except it is hydrous. Based on the structure of the amino acids in this practical, group B have greater side sequence compared to group A. Furthermore, the movement level of amino acids remainder on the dissoluble on the side sequence in the solvent. The segregation of amino acids rely on the way they are used and the section properties like the impact to aid with one dissolvent or another or variable the pH of the dissolvent. The division by electrical charges would progress to preferable outcome. The basics of paper chromatography are comparable to thin layer chromatography, however, the support substance are not the same. Furthermore, the advantages of the thin layer chromatography over paper chromatography are; Alpha-mannosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal store disease caused by erroneous of lysosomal ÃŽ ±-mannosidase enzyme which is analysed by urine oligosaccharide diagnosis and blood ÃŽ ±-mannosidse test. Maple syrup urine disease is an autosomal recessive aminoacidopathy, it is an outcome of the default of branched-sequence amino acids. This disease is known by a Medical examination via urinary amino acid amount. g) A student spots an unknown sample on a TLC plate. After developing in hexane/ethyl acetate 50:50, he/she saw a single spot with an R f of 0.55. Does this indicate that the unknown material is a pure compound? What can be done to verify the purity of the sample? The way that you see one spot on a TLC plate does not so much imply that the result spotted holds one and only part. This is on the grounds that two mixes can have the same worth of Rf in a specific eluting framework. You must run the specimen in an alternate eluting dissolvable and check whether it again gives stand out spot. This is a great sign that the specimen is immaculate. Be that as it may, you

Transitions for children with special needs Literature review

Transitions for children with special needs - Literature review Example These points of transition are especially significant in the lives of the child and their family, involving considerable stress and challenges for families, children, receiving, and sending staff. Several theoretical frameworks exist that are significant in the conceptualization of the process of transition, especially for children with special needs. These include the Bio-ecological Model, the McCubbin and McCubbin Resiliency Model of family stress, adjustment, and adaptation, and the Conceptual Transition Model. Avalos-Snyder & Haugen (2014: p54) expounds on the Bio-ecological Model, discussing its focus on the development of children with special needs within the context of their immediate environment and their family, as well as the more distal and larger influences portended by the wider community. Relationships and interactions are viewed as being influential on the child’s development, occurring with the passing of time. Transition of children with special needs to school is characterized in this manner, in which the child is placed in the middle of the entire process and is influenced by their interactions with the immediate environment. McCubbin and McCubbin’s resiliency model of family stress, adjustment, and adaptation, as discussed by Rosenkoetter et al (2008: p34), concentrates on the vulnerabilities and strengths of the child’s family, such as the family’s ability to assess their child’s situation, problem solving, family functioning patterns, and their utilization of coping skills. The model uses these factors together in combination with consideration of the resources that are available to the family in its exploration of how these families adjust to change in the initial stages, as well as how they adapt to crises that they face. Dockett et al (2011: p49) applies the resiliency model of family stress, adaptation,