The Harms of Underage Alcohol Consumption Essay examples

The Harms of Underage Alcohol Consumption Alcohol use is extremely prevalent in our society. Young people grow up seeing their parents and other adults make toast of wine and champagne at special occasions, as well as casually enjoying a few beers at a picnic. Today alcoholic beverages are frequently as common at business lunches as they are at college frat parties. Underage drinking is a huge problem which everyone must face. Under age drinking not only has devastating effects on those who drink but also on our society. ?Young people illegally consume almost 3.6 billion drinks annually which is 10 million drinks each day.? (http://www.cspinet.org/booze/alcyouth.htm.) Underage drinking has serious social, health and economic†¦show more content†¦This quick escape can be found in the shape of a bottle. In the eyes of an underage drinker, alcohol is the cure to all problems, a way to forget all of stress and pressures that are facing them. They feel that it will numb their pain and continuing to use alcohol will result in maybe another problem, substance abuse. The effects of underage drinking on society are practically immeasurable. Alcohol use can effect a teenager?s health, put strains on relationships between family and friends, and can also place other members of society in danger. Alcohol is involved in nearly one-half of all murders, accidental deaths, suicides, crimes, and fatal automobile accidents.(http://www.cpmcnet.columbia.edu). Alcohol causes problems in both one?s school and work career. It has a tendency to lower productivity and the quality of work being done. Economic costs are also an issue when it comes to underage drinking. Approximately 13 billion dollars each year is spent for the treatment and recovery of alcoholics.(http://intoww.org) This puts an enormous strain on our economy. It seems unfair that taxpayers should have to pay out of their own pockets for the problem that teenagers cause. These problems could be prevented if only teenagers would be more responsible and think about what they are actually doing, not only to themselves but also to our society. Most teenagers don?t realize that underage drinking is a crime. It is a first-degreeShow MoreRelatedUnderage Drinking in Australia Essay602 Words   |  3 PagesUnderage drinking is becoming a serious social issue in modern Australia; with 90% of Australian teenagers over 14 that have tried alcohol at least once. Estimates also suggest that half of Australia’s teenagers drink alcohol on a weekly basis. Underage drinking can cause drink driving and unsafe sex if it is misused. Australia seems to be fond of this drug, and find it to be socially acceptable although it is causing the amount of teenage deaths to rise rapidly due to misuse. Heavy use of AlcoholRead MoreThe National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 Is Not Working738 Words   |  3 Pagesor purchase alcohol, has only served to heighten the problem that is currently being faced. The only realistic way to make real progress while reversing the negative effect the NMDA act has had and is having is to abolish the NMDA act and introduce a new act that establishes different phases to introduce alcohol to minors. In essence, the purpose of the NMDA act was to decrease the number of drunk driving fatalities. The number of drunk driving fatalities has decreased and underage drunk driversRead MoreUnderage drinking1086 Words   |  5 Pages Underage Drinking It is five o clock on a Friday night and classes are over for the weekend. The options for this evening are the kegger down the street, drinking at the bonfire, or sneaking into a bar with a fake ID. This can be a normal weekend for an underage drinker. Underage alcohol consumption can be very common in the weekly routine for many students. There are many different types of drinkers and reasons for their drinking habits. Some people may drink for social reasons and othersRead MoreYouth Works Response to Alcohol Consumption among Young People1362 Words   |  6 PagesCurrent responses For the purposes of this research chapter I shall be exploring youth works response to the issue of alcohol consumption among young people today. According to the Youth Work Act 2001; â€Å"Youth work† means a planned programme of education designed for the purpose of aiding and enhancing the personal and social development of young persons through their voluntary participation, and which is— (a) Complementary to their formal, academic or vocational education and training; and (b) ProvidedRead MoreShould the legal age for the consumption of alcohol be increased to 21?863 Words   |  4 PagesIncreasing the legal age for the consumption of alcohol to twenty-one is a topic that has recently sparked much debate, with many people endorsing the idea of increasing the age of alcohol consumption. This is because it is thought that implementing such a law may curb youth binge drinking and alcohol related road accidents (Drug Free Australia: 2008). However there are many reasons as to why the legal age for alcohol consumption should not be increased. These include the fact that young people willRead MoreUnderage Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse1597 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society, there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking abou t the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol consumption amongst young adults, from high school to college, andRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Act1179 Words   |  5 Pagesprohibiting anyone under the age of twenty-one from publicly possessing and purchasing alcohol. After the Act was passed in 1984, the states that failed to abide by Ronald Reagan’s National Minimum Drinking Age Act were withheld from federal highway construction funds. By creating this punishment, states were almost forced to comply with the new legal addition. Every state adopted the new law by the year of 1988 (Underage Drinking). The act itself did take away the majority of drinking privileges, butRead MoreSadly, In Today’S Society There Is A Lot Of Issues Concerning1294 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking about the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol consumption amongst young adults, and talk about ways that we can preventRead MoreProblem And Solution Of Underaged Drinking1553 Words   |  7 Pagestoday is underaged drinking. This is simply defined as the consumption of any commercial alcoholic beverage while under the legal age restriction of twenty one. A solution is in dire need, as the problem causes exponential harm to many teen’s health. Underaged drinking has been the underlying cause of numerous fatalities over the past several decades. These fatalities occur from the following: inexperienced driving under the influence, alcohol poisoning, self hurt, and physical altercations betweenR ead MoreThe Use Of Alcohol By Minors Starts At Home With Parents And Caregivers1550 Words   |  7 Pagesanother or that they are dying due to alcohol and bad decisions. It is heartbreaking and tragic, and it is avoidable. Preventing the use and abuse of alcohol by minors starts at home with parents and caregivers. In order to reduce underage drinking, parents need to start early and spend time educating their children about the dangers of this drug. Knowing the facts about alcohol is a key step in being able to educate the youth today about the dangers of alcohol use and abuse. What many people do not

Women Of The Industrial Revolution - 1417 Words

The industrial revolution in England was a time of technology, rapidly increasing populations, urbanization, and social change. This economical and societal change triggered an increase of women choosing to work as prostitutes. In this essay, prostitution refers only to street based sex solicitation, done by women. Prostitution was a way for women of the nineteenth century to defy the patriarchal society, in which women needed to rely on men, and those who chose not to were demonized and seen as a threat to a moral society. Even though women who chose to work as prostitutes often knew that they would face repercussions and judgement from other members of their communities, many women chose to enter the sex trade anyways, either as an easy way of making money, or as a last resort to help themselves and their families. Either way, prostitution was a way for these women to capitalise on their sexuality, and take advantage of men’s sexual desires. Unfortunately, as this threatened the power of the patriarchy, the act of prostitution and those who partook in it, were often punished and seen as immoral by society. At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, England entered into the industrial revolution. England’s rapidly expanding population along with new technological advances triggered a need for more goods, and thus large factories began to appear in urban areas. By 1750, one fifth of England’s population was living in urban towns . ManyShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution Impacted Women923 Words   |  4 PagesIn my thesis, I contend that the Industrial Revolution impacted women because women in the working and poor classes were a key labor force in mills and factories, they supported their role as the backbone of the household economy by completing housework in the middle class, and finally the Industrial Revolution made an impact on the contributions of ideas made by women. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution affected women in the working and poor classes by allowing them to work in factories and millsRead MoreWomen During The Industrial Revolution2301 Words   |  10 Pagesseen as superior to women. Men were not just seen as the head of the household, but they were seen as the leaders and organizers of all political, social, and economic affairs for both men and women. However, as time progressed, so did women. Gradually, women were more involved in the work force due to many factors including wars and primarily due to the industrial revolution. Women took the role of nurses and hospitality workers during wars, and as the industrial revolution initiated, they beganRead MoreEssay about Women In The Industrial Revolution1202 Words   |  5 PagesWomens Work in the Industrial Revolution The industrial revolution swept through Europe and North America during the 19th century, affecting the class structure, economy, government, and even the religious practices of everyone who lived in or did commerce with these new industrialized nations. It made the modern age possible, but it was not without its growing pains. The position of women before the industrial revolution was often equivalent to chattel, and then as now, they were expectedRead MoreEssay on Women in the Second Industrial Revolution1055 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in the Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution had a major impact on womens lives. After being controlled fro so long women were experiencing what it was like to live an independent life. 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Since the men were the breadwinners, their true manhood was tested by how well a man could provide for his family and the women were the â€Å"homemakers† so their trueRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The Effects On Women s Rights1569 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution and the Effects on Women s Rights The Industrial Revolution was one of the most important and productive periods of history. The Industrial Revolution has to do with the time between the late 18th century and mid-19th century where there were profound advances in production, manufacturing, and other fields of engineering. It began in Great Britain in the late 1700s which then spread to the United States and then to many other parts of the world. Societies were very ruralRead MoreWomen Workers During The British Industrial Revolution Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesWomen Workers in the British Industrial Revolution During Britain’s Industrial Revolution, a multitude of different jobs were opened to the working class of men, women, and children. While this era offered a wide variety of new opportunities for everyone, women were somewhat excluded in areas such as occupation availability and wage due to the cultural norms of the time period. The Industrial Revolution was an age of mechanization—businesses were moving away from completing tasks by hand, and insteadRead MoreWomen And Their Roles During The Second Industrial Revolution3502 Words   |  15 PagesWomen and Their Roles in the Second Industrial Revolution When discussing history, it is often assumed that the history of men is also the history of women. Historians often forget that women constantly experience historical processes differently because of the roles that they play and their biological differences. The second Industrial Revolution affected women uniquely, and their involvement and contributions were distinctive as well. The second Industrial Revolution lead to many advantages andRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Family Life and Women2656 Words   |  11 PagesThe Industrial Revolution and its Impact on Family Life and Women World Civilization II Edmund Burke once said, Make revolution a parent of settlement, and not a nursery of future revolutions. This comical yet straightforward quote can be related to a time in history called the Industrial Revolution. Throughout history there has been a political, economical, social and cultural revolution. These revolutions has had complex and long lasting impacts on people’s lives, one revolution that hasRead MoreImpact Of The Industrial Revolution On Women s Roles1756 Words   |  8 Pagespower machinery referred to as the Industrial Revolution which affected chiefly Great Britain, the bulk of which spanned until roughly 1850 . Many of the consequences of this industrialization were shifts in the conditions of working and living. This investigation will explore the degree of social change that occurred to the roles and expectations of women during this time period as a result of these shifts. In order to determine the extent to which the Industrial Revolution’s influenc es correlated

Essay On The Awakening By Kate Chopin Example For Students

Essay On The Awakening By Kate Chopin The book, The Awakening by Kate Chopin, is not so much a love story as it is a story of one woman. Mrs. Pontellier was a woman with emotional needs. Her needs include material, sexual, intimacy, and the need to be wanted or needed. Among Lonce Pontellier, Alce Arobin, and Robert Lebrun, she pursues and meets her needs. Although Lonce Pontellier didnt seem to play a part in her life, he did. He provided her materialistic needs. Just as she dreaded, he was her husband in the worlds eyes. It is plain to see that Edna finds marriage a revolting institution from this quote: Her marriage to Lonce Pontellier was purely an accident, in this respect resembling many other marriages which masquerade as the decrees of Fate. The acme of bliss, which would have been a marriage to a tragedian, was not for her in this world. As the devoted wife of a man she felt she would take her place thus closing the portals forever behind her upon the realm of romance and dreams.p18 So that leaves the problem of romance and dreams. Who filled this world that she seems to have missed?Alce Arobin was a suave, seductive man. He thrived on lust, yet at a socially acceptable scale. Therefore, when he commenced in sharing time with Mrs. Pontellier at the races and such, it didnt appear sinister. He sometimes talked in a way that astonished her at first and brought the crimson in to her face; in a way that pleased her at last, appealing to the animalism that stirred impatiently within her.p78 By defining animalism as the innate desire to be sexually pleasing, or sexual, we can see that Arobin pleased the sexual yearning of Edna Pontellier. It is clear that Mrs. Pontellier doesnt really feel affection for Arobin because after their time together, her thoughts commented that there was a dull pang of regret because it was not the kiss of love which had inflamed her, because it was not love which had held this cup of life to her lips.p84 It was the kiss of lust that kept them together. The Awakening is a book of Mrs. Edna Pontelliers changes. Originally, Mrs. Pontellier had only her husband to fill her needs. By the closing stages of the story she had broken vows and social tradition to bring about more emotional stability within her. Psychology

Who Manipulates the Music Industry Essay Example

Who Manipulates the Music Industry? Essay This raises a question, who is controlling the music market? The truth of the matter is that, for the past decades, major record labels have blatantly managed the music industry in a manner that has suited their own advantage. By employing discreet, illegal tactics corporate labels have been able to manipulate mainstream radio stations, artists, and even enthusiastic music devotees. After all, record labels are businesses aiming to foster their own growth; therefore, at the end of the day, it always comes down to stock options and the minimization of profit, not the music Itself. It Is for this reason that corporate crime In the music industry might be more prevalent than the general public could possibly imagine. The Recording Industry Association of America, which represents the largest five music companies In the united States. Has come under significant scrutiny for using criminal tactics that aim to reduce the benefits of artists; this has caused multiple contemporary musicians to turn their back on major record labels by working Independently. Corporate crime within the music industry is quite old, dating back to the time when record labels commenced to emerge within the music business Itself. During the nineteen hundreds, licensed commercial public radio stations commenced to develop. By the nineteen twenties, music was being broadcasted through various radio stations nationwide, opening new opportunities for musicians to promote their work and gain recognition (1). It didnt take long before record labels came to the realization that it was possible to take advantage of the radio in order to raise their sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Manipulates the Music Industry? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Who Manipulates the Music Industry? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Who Manipulates the Music Industry? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If the songs of the artists they represented reached a large-scale audience, the growth of the artists career would become secure, thus ensuring stable profit for the labels. During the mid-nineteen fifties, record labels commenced bribing disk Jockeys by paying cash and handing out gifts In exchange for airplay. This form of illegal commercial bribery came to be known as the payola scandal, which generated a large amount of agitation within the music industry. During the crackdown of the practice, numerous disk Jockeys such as Dick Clark, Alan Freed, and Ernie Ginsburg were prosecuted for accepting bribes from various record companies. At the time, however, many of the record companies offering payolas were simply independent labels that were aiming to flourish within the Industry, not corporate conglomerates A tong It NAS Eden mace Tally clear Tanat payola Is Illegal unaware ten law AT ten United States, the practice continues to be used in different forms throughout the present. By finding means to evade the law, new methods of payola have evolved with the sole aim of obfuscating the fact that illegal bribes are being given to radio stations. For example, rather than paying disk Jockeys directly, which is prohibited by the anti-payola regulations, many major record labels have commenced paying music promoters large sums of money. The promoters, who serve as a third-party, then pay the radio stations to play a particular artist. This is known as the third-party loophole (3). Another example of an alternative form of payola involves the actions of global record label, Sony BMW Music Entertainment. Sony BMW was discovered to have organized faux promotional competitions in which all the prizes were given to the disk Jockeys; this was simply a sneaky tactic used by Sony BMW in order to bribe the disk Jockeys in a mildly concealed manner. This form of bribery is obviously not as flagrant as the methods that have been used in the past. In the year of two thousand and five, the New York Times reported that Eliot Spirits, former State Attorney General of New York, prosecuted various mainstream record labels for using loopholes in the law in order to violate the anti-payola regulations. Sony BMW was forced to pay ten million dollars in fines, Warner Music was forced to pay five million dollars, and Universal Music was forced to pay twelve million dollars. According to the report, most of the money was used to fund music appreciation programs (4). Up to the present, this has been one of the major examples of white-collar crime within the music industry, which directly shows the manner in which record labels aim to manipulate radio stations in order to increase their profits. In theory, a music labels Job is to furnish the artists with the necessary tools to prosper; however, this is not always the case. In fact, perhaps one of the most controversial and disturbing forms of corporate crime in the music industry involves record labels attempting to blatantly exploit the artists they are meant to assist in the first place. Under the copyright code of the United States, artists are guaranteed that, after thirty-five years of working with a record label, they will have the exclusive ability to receive copyrights over their own work. This means artists can legally sell, produce, or distribute any work they ever created while working with a particular record label. In nineteen ninety-nine, however, the law unexpectedly changed. Congressional attorney, Mitch Glazier, robbed artists from their ability to reclaim copyrights over their own work by secretly modifying the copyright code. Glazier added the term sound recordings to the work-for-hire list that musicians are expected to follow, giving record labels total control over the artists work. Three months later, the Recording Industry Association of America hired Glazier as the Senior Vice President of Government Relations (5). Expectedly, this infuriated the artist community and generated tension between record labels and musicians. As an attempt to defend musicians rights, the Recording Artists Coalition was formed. The law was eventually repealed with success after years of lobbying. Disputes between musicians and record labels are not necessarily confined within the borders of the United States. In fact, the Canadian Recording Industry Association wince also represents major lades sun as Sony BOMB, MI, unleash, Ana capital Canada has a history that notoriously involves multiple legal actions. According to legal records, the Toronto-based association has applied to the Federal Court of Canada on multiple occasions in order to instigate various lawsuits against consumers accused of illegal online file-sharing, torrent website operators, and even small record store owners selling bootleg CDC (6). The irony, however, lies in the fact that while the CURIA takes a stand against piracy and accuses consumers of disrespecting the copyright laws, it simultaneously faces liability over infringement. In two thousand eight, numerous artists turned to the courts in order to file a lawsuit against the four major labels that are represented by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. The labels were creating, pressing, and distributing compilation CDC and live recordings of various artists without the necessary copyright licenses. Furthermore, the artists featured in these compilations never received any payment from the illegal distribution of their work. According to Copyright lawyer, Michael Ageist, over three hundred thousand songs have been illegally used in the numerous compilation albums. In the present moment, countless artists await for their moment, varying from small artists to well-known musicians such as Bruce Springiness. The potential liability is believed to be around sixty billion dollars (7). Considering that musicians have to form organizations in order to protect themselves from record labels, it is not a secret that what is supposed to be a mutual, symbiotic relationship between the two groups often happens to be the opposite. It is not uncommon to hear about record companies being sued for attempting to bilk artists out of their earnings. Cases such as Prince versus Gaffe Records or Tom Petty versus MAC Records tend to gain large public attention. However, smaller artists, who are perhaps the most vulnerable, rarely receive any coverage outside from the independent music community. Mainstream media outlets have the tendency to ignore the exploitation of unknown artists. This is inherently disturbing, taking into account that smaller artist are perhaps the most vulnerable to corporate exploitation. Obviously, something is causing individuals in corporate record labels to engage in activities that harm the musicians they represent. Like sociologist John Breathiest points out, this type of illegal behavior can be linked to the corporate climate that exists in this society, which perpetuates a type of environment where financial profit is considered more important than human dignity. Nevertheless, although the corporate environment might encourage people to perform white-collar crime, the major problem stems from the fact that this form of crime is often unregulated, allowing avaricious record label operators to willfully perform illegal activities without fearing prosecution. Therefore, white-collar crime prevails because there is a lack of restraining forces that aim to prevent it in the first place. This type of rationale is enforced by the social control theory, which points out that all human beings are inherently criminal when exposed to the proper environmental conditions, stressing the importance of establishing modes of crime prevention in order to develop a healthy society. Various sociologist sun as Maggie H. Martin, Arrivals Hollers, Ana David Matzo nave studied the social control theory; they all propose that very little difference exists between delinquents and non-delinquents. Thus, they attribute the prevalence of criminal activity to the failure of primary social groups or institutions to provide enforcement for non-delinquent roles. In essence, this theoretical framework suggests that criminal activity must be prevented by strong regulation, such as punishment. If some type of castigation is applied to illegal behavior on every occasion that it occurs, it is probable that a person will be less likely to engage in criminal activity. It is clear that if corporate conglomerates in the music industry feared prosecution every time they attempted to rob musicians from their work, not simply the bigger artists, the rates of corporate exploitation within the industry would crease. Furthermore, sociologist Travis Hirsch expands the theory by pointing out that strong social bonds can also prevent criminal activity. Hirsch points out that crime occurs when two groups of individuals do not have a belief in a common value. Considering that musicians and corporate record labels appear to have very different priorities, it is not difficult to understand why corporate crime prevails in the industry. This also explains why it is not very common to hear about legal disputes between musicians and independent record labels, considering that smaller labels, eke musicians, tend to be strictly committed to the music itself and thus share common values. The offenders who are found culpable of performing illegal activities within the music industry are normally charged fairly large sums of money. In many cases, the careers of individuals who are found guilty might be Jeopardized. Very rarely, however, do any of the people representing the music conglomerates have to face any time in Jail or prison for their crimes. Therefore, other than establishing laws to prevent illegal activities within the music industry, it is necessary to develop repetitive methods to make sure that such violations do not occur. Perhaps the most effective method to assure that the illegal operations within the music industry decrease is to decentralized the music itself. For decades, record labels possessed the ability to dominate the music industry by using exploitive tactics because artists were highly dependent on labels. This, however, is no longer the case today. Through methods of self-publishing, artists have discovered alternative ways to distribute their music. With the improvement of technology, musicians no longer need to pay inherently large sums of money to record or promote their music. Social networking websites have made the distribution of digital audio incredibly accessible, allowing musicians to promote their work to the entire world within less than five minutes. Furthermore, the act of recording music is something that has become fairly inexpensive itself. Artist Dampen Rice, for example, was offered thousands of dollars to record his debut album in AIR Studios, a highly prestigious music studio located in London. Rice, however, preferred to record his album inside his own bedroom by using his laptop computer (8). The album, which was titled O, turned out to be highly successful. In a sense, this suggests that the role of record labels is slightly fading and losing significance. In fact, some of the most successful record lades today are Independent lades. IT major record lades realize Tanat artists no longer depend on them to distribute their music, these labels will lose the power to exploit artists and control the music market. In conclusion, it is obvious that the laws that regulate the violations that tend to be performed by record labels are necessary. In the present moment, these legal regulations make sure that artists have the ability to claim copyrights to the work hey themselves create and that record labels do not attempt to control the music market.

My First Music CD †English Composition Essay

My First Music CD – English Composition Essay Free Online Research Papers My First Music CD English Composition Essay Most of people like to listen to the music, and so do I. Since I was a student in elementary school, I have bought a lot of CDs, which amounted to 300 pieces or so. Whenever I listen to good music, I will go to the record store to buy the artists’ CDs, and most of which are Japanese CDs. Although I have so many CDs, yet there is one of them, which I treasure most. It was the present of my fifteen-year-old birthday. It was the third year in my junior high school. With a gloomy face, I was a pessimistic and taciturn boy then. I had few friends, even none of whom could be really taken as my friends. Everyday I went to school, had my lunch, and then went home alone. I did everything by myself. To me, the world was so dull until he came to my life. It was in a summer. I slipped out of the physical education class for the hot weather and went to a quiet place to rest myself. There I met Brandon. In my understanding, he was a quiet person in the class and I never talked to him before. We stayed there, looking at each other without talking. The atmosphere between us was strange and made me uneasy, so I tried to strike up a conversation with him. I first took occasion to remark that the summer this year was pretty hot. He agreed. And I went on to remark that it was really terrible to attend a class outdoors. He agreed again with a slight smile. Then the conversation really began. After some more exchang es, I knew that he liked to listen to music, too. We started to chat about this interest in music. To my surprise, just like me, he liked to listen to Japanese music. His favorite singer was Sakai Noriko, and she was also a famous actress, whose most renowned TV plays was â€Å"The Coins of Stars.† Brandon was not actually a quiet person; instead, he was a talkative person. As a result, we became very good friends, and we did almost everything with each other. I remembered on my birthday that year he gave me the CD, which was my precious thing from then on. It was a cloudy day. Brandon and I had planned that we would go shopping together on my birthday. But I thought he didn’t know it was my birthday, because I never told him the date of my birthday. In the afternoon, we rode our bicycles to Feng-shan city and did window-shopping there. I wanted to buy a CD, which title was â€Å"globe.† We searched every record stores in the Feng-shan city for the CD, but we still couldn’t find it. I was disappointed, but I had to go home for the birthday party that my parents prepared for me. Unfortunately, about the time we rode on our bicycles, it was raining. We sped for a shelter from heavy rain. When we found one, we stopped there to wait for the cease of rain. When we were waiting, from somewhere he took out something. It’ a CD! And it was the CD, â€Å"globe,† that I wanted most. Brandon gave it to me and said, à ¢â‚¬Å"Happy Birthday!† It was a surprise! He told me that he knew my birthday because he had asked other classmates, and that the CD was bought by order from Japan. It was imported from Japan! On hearing this, I was really touched, for not even one person had done so much to me before. After I went home, I copied the CD. Therefore, I could just play the copy and listen so that I would never do any damage on it. And the CD is still placed in my drawer. Now Brandon and I go to different places to study in colleges respectively, so we cannot meet each other often. Still, we are good friends, and whenever I played the CD I would recall the vivid memory about Brandon and I, who were both junior high school students at that time. Research Papers on My First Music CD - English Composition EssayHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingQuebec and CanadaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayWhere Wild and West MeetThe Spring and AutumnPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Cave Paintings, the Parietal Art of the Ancient World

Cave Paintings, the Parietal Art of the Ancient World Cave art, also called parietal art or cave paintings, is a general term referring to the decoration of the walls of rock shelters and caves throughout the world. The best-known sites are in Upper Paleolithic Europe. There polychrome (multi-colored) paintings made of charcoal and ochre, and other natural pigments, were used to illustrate extinct animals, humans, and geometric shapes some 20,000-30,000 years ago. The purpose of cave art, particularly Upper Paleolithic cave art, is widely debated. Cave art is most often associated with the work of shamans- religious specialists who may have painted the walls in memory of past or support of future hunting trips. Cave art was once considered evidence of a creative explosion, when the minds of ancient humans became fully developed. Today, scholars believe that human progress towards behavioral modernity began in Africa and developed much more slowly. The Earliest and Oldest Cave Paintings The oldest yet dated cave art is from El Castillo Cave, in Spain. There, a collection of handprints and animal drawings decorated the ceiling of a cave about 40,000 years ago. Another early cave is Abri Castanet in France, about 37,000 years ago; again, its art is limited to handprints and animal drawings. The oldest of the lifelike paintings most familiar to fans of rock art is the truly spectacular Chauvet Cave in France, direct-dated to between 30,000-32,000 years ago. Art in rock shelters is known to have occurred within the past 500 years in many parts of the world, and there is some argument to be made that modern graffiti is a continuation of that tradition. Dating Upper Paleolithic Cave Sites One of the great controversies in rock art today is whether we have reliable dates for when the great cave paintings of Europe were completed. There are three current methods of dating cave paintings. Direct dating, in which conventional or AMS radiocarbon dates are taken on tiny fragments of charcoal or other organic paints in the painting itselfIndirect dating, in which radiocarbon dates are taken on charcoal from occupation layers within the cave that are somehow associated with the painting, such as pigment-making tools, portable art or collapsed painted roof or wall blocks are found in datable strataStylistic dating, in which scholars compare the images or techniques used in a particular painting to others which have already been dated in another manner Although direct dating is the most reliable, stylistic dating is the most often used, because direct dating destroys some part of the  painting and the other methods are only possible in rare occurrences. Stylistic changes in artifact types have been used as chronological markers in seriation since the late 19th century; stylistic changes in rock art are an outgrowth of that philosophical method. Until Chauvet, painting styles for the Upper Paleolithic were thought to reflect a long, slow growth to complexity, with certain themes, styles and techniques assigned to the Gravettian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian time segments of the UP. Direct-Dated Sites in France According to von Petzinger and Nowell (2011 cited below), there are 142 caves in France with wall paintings dated to the UP, but only 10 have been direct-dated. Aurignacian (~45,000-29,000 BP), 9 total: ChauvetGravettian (29,000-22,000 BP), 28 total: Pech-Merle, Grotte Cosquer, Courgnac, Mayennes-SciencesSolutrian (22,000-18,000 BP), 33 total: Grotte CosquerMagdalenian (17,000-11,000 BP), 87 total: Cougnac, Niaux, Le Portel The problem with that (30,000 years of art primarily identified by modern western perceptions of style changes) was recognized by Paul Bahn among others in the 1990s, but the issue was brought into sharp focus by the direct dating of Chauvet Cave. Chauvet, at 31,000 years old an Aurignacian period cave, has a complex style and themes that are usually associated with much later periods. Either Chauvets dates are wrong, or the accepted stylistic changes need to be modified. For the moment, archaeologists cannot move completely away from stylistic methods, but they can retool the process. Doing so will be difficult, although von Pettinger and Nowell have suggested a starting point: to focus on image details within the direct-dated caves and extrapolate outward. Determining which image details to select to identify stylistic differences may be a thorny task, but unless and until detailed direct-dating of cave art becomes possible, it may be the best way forward. Sources Bednarik RG. 2009. To be or not to be Palaeolithic, that is the question.  Rock Art Research  26(2):165-177. Chauvet J-M, Deschamps EB, and Hillaire C. 1996. Chauvet Cave: The worlds oldest paintings, dating from around 31,000 BC.  Minerva  7(4):17-22. Gonzlez JJA, and Behrmann RdB. 2007. C14 et style: La  chronologie  de  l’art  parià ©tal   l’heure  actuelle.  LAnthropologie  111(4):435-466. doi:j.anthro.2007.07.001 Henry-Gambier D, Beauval C, Airvaux J, Aujoulat N, Baratin JF, and Buisson-Catil  J. 2007. New hominid remains associated with Gravettian parietal art (Les Garennes, Vilhonneur, France).  Journal of Human Evolution  53(6):747-750. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.07.003 Leroi-Gourhan A, and Champion S. 1982.  The dawn of European art: an introduction to Palaeolithic cave painting.  New York: Cambridge University Press. Mà ©lard N, Pigeaud R, Primault J, and  Rodet  J. 2010.  Gravettian painting and associated activity at Le Moulin de  .  Antiquity  84(325):666–680.Laguenay  (Lissac-sur-Couze, Corrà ¨ze) Moro Abadà ­a O. 2006.  Art, crafts and Paleolithic art.  Journal of Social Archaeology 6(1):119–141. Moro Abadà ­a O, and Morales MRG. 2007. Thinking about style in the post-stylistic era: reconstructing the stylistic context of Chauvet.  Oxford Journal of Archaeology  26(2):109-125. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00276.x Pettitt PB. 2008. Art and the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe: Comments on the archaeological arguments for an early Upper Paleolithic antiquity of the Grotte Chauvet art.  Journal of Human Evolution  55(5):908-917. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.04.003 Pettitt, Paul. Dating European Palaeolithic Cave Art: Progress, Prospects, Problems. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Alistair Pike, Volume 14, Issue 1, SpringerLink, February 10, 2007. Sauvet  G, Layton R, Lenssen-Erz T, Taà §on P, and Wlodarczyk A. 2009. Thinking with Animals in Upper Palaeolithic Rock Art.  Cambridge Archaeological Journal  19(03):319-336. doi:10.1017/S0959774309000511 von Petzinger G, and Nowell A. 2011.  A question of style: reconsidering the stylistic approach to dating Palaeolithic parietal art in France.  Antiquity  85(330):1165-1183.

Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Corporate Strategy - Essay Example (Andrews, 1997). To properly formulate its corporate strategy, an organisation must assess its organisational strengths and weaknesses, as well as its environmental threats and opportunities, which will enable it choose among alternative courses of action. (Hofer and Schendel, 1984) cited in Schneider, (1998). This indicates that an organisation must perform a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis prior to formulating corporate strategy. A number of factors have been identified as having an effect on corporate strategy formulation: for example, Kets de Vries and Miller (1984) suggest that managerial personality and experience is an important determinant of the strategy formulation process; Janis (1972) considers group dynamics as an important factor affecting the formulation of corporate strategy while Frederickson (1984); Lyles and Mitroff (1985) suggest that organisational structure plays an important role in strategy formulation. Within the context of today’s global competition, businesses and firms no-longer compete as individual companies but try to corporate with other businesses in their activities (Wu & Chien 2007:2). These researchers went further to argue that, this strategy has become quite common in many businesses including the retail clothing chain stores. The conventional vertical integrated company based business model is gradually being replaced by collaborative relationship between many fragmented, but complementary and specialized value stars and constellation (Wu & Chien:1). The next section provides a brief history of Sony Ericsson and its activities. According to the company annual review report, Sony-Ericsson emerge from the merger of two entity, in October 2001, Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to make mobile phones. This was due to expected